NOAA RESEARCH CRUISE ACE/RITS

Aerosol Characterization Experiment - Radiatively Important Trace Species

• Participating Organizations
• Cruise Description and Objectives
• Scientific Measurements

• 1.0 Scientific Objectives
• 2.0 Personnel
• 3.0 Schedule
• 4.0 Operations
• 5.0 Facilities
• 6.0 Disposition of Data and Reports
• 7.0 Additional Investigations and Projects
• 8.0 Communications
• 9.0 Hazardous Material
• 10.0 Miscellaneous
• 11.0 Appendices
• 12.0 Approval of Instructions
• Appendix A. Cruise Track
• Appendix B. Waypoints
• Appendix C. List of Chemicals
• Appendix D. Van Locations

Participating Organizations

NOAA Pacific Marine Environ. Lab., Seattle, WA	(PMEL)
University of Washington, Seattle, WA	(UW)
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA	(NPGS)
Joint Institute Study Atmosphere Ocean, Seattle, WA	(JISAO)
Inst. for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany	(IfT)
Lund University, Lund, Sweden	(Lund)
University of Miami, Miami, FL	(RSMAS)
Mass. Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA	(MIT)
NOAA Atlantic Ocean. & Met. Lab., Miami, FL	(AOML)
National Center Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO	(NCAR)
NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID	(ARL)
Meteorological Observatory, Potsdam, Germany	(MOP)
Delhousie University, Halifax, Canada	(DU)
University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL	(USAl)
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, MA	(WHOI)
Shizuoko University, Japan	(SU)

NOAA Ship:	DISCOVERER
Cruise No:	DI-95-05
Area:	Pacific Ocean
Itinerary:
Leg I
d. Seattle	11 Oct 1995
a. Hilo	21 Oct 1995
d. Hilo	22 Oct 1995
a. Hobart	10 Nov 1995
Leg II
d. Hobart	15 Nov 1995
a. Hobart	14 Dec 1995

Cruise Description and Objectives

The exchange of gases and particles between the ocean and atmosphere can affect the Earth's climate by modifying the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosol particles and by altering the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere. This cruise will include measurements of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen and halogen compounds in the ocean and overlying atmosphere in order to quantify the cycling of these compounds in the surface ocean and atmosphere and to calculate the exchange of these compounds between the ocean and atmosphere. Atmospheric aerosol measurements will be used to document the chemical, physical and optical characteristics of remote marine aerosols, investigate the relationships between these aerosol properties, and to determine the key physical and chemical processes controlling their formation, distrbution, and radiative properties.

This cruise is part of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Program’s Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1). Shipboard measurements will be coordinated with aircraft and ground based measurements. The ship cruise track will consist of a trans-Pacific transit from Seattle to Hobart with a fueling stop in Hilo, HI. Seawater and air samples will be collected while the ship is underway and at daily CTD stations. The second leg of the cruise will be focused in the ACE-1 study area south of Tasmania and will include a stop at Macquarie Island.

Scientific Measurements

• sea surface measurements of dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylsulfonium proprionate, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methyl halides, hydrocarbons, ammonium, nitrate, pH, chlorophyll fluorescence, salinity, temperature, dissolved and particulate organic sulfur, nitrogen and carbon,

• air measurements of gaseous dimethylsulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, methylhalides, ammonia, radon, nitrogen oxides, and ozone, aerosol physical, optical and hygroscopic properties, total condensation nuclei population, cloud condensation nuclei population, aerosol optical depth, size resolved aerosol chemical composition including sulfate, ammonium, methanesulfonic acid, and organic and elemental carbon,

• routine weather observations (air temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure and light levels at several spectra), rawindsonde balloon launches for atmospheric temperature, dew point and winds, UHF/VHF Doppler wind profiler, radio acoustic sounding system,

• satellite observations of aerosol optical depth, aerosol number/size.

• CTD/rosette casts for carbon monoxide production and consumption rates and methyl halide distributions.

  Ship Operations Contact:	Scientific Operations Contact:
  Lt. John Herring	Dr. Timothy Bates (206-526-6248)
  (206-553-4548)	Commander Dale Bretschneider (206-526-6813)
  NOAA/PMC (PMC10	NOAA/PMEL (R/E/PM)
  1801 Fairview Avenue East	7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Bldg. 3
  Seattle, WA 98102	Seattle, WA 98115

  ---

Aerosols and Climate -- Atmospheric aerosol particles affect the Earth's radiative balance both directly through the upward scatter of solar radiation and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The natural aerosol derived from biogenic sulfur emissions has been substantially perturbed by anthropogenic aerosols, particularly sulfates from SO2 emissions and organic condensates and soot from biomass and fossil fuel combustion. The global mean radiative forcing due to the direct effect of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol particles is calculated to be of comparable magnitude but opposite in sign to the forcing due to anthropogenic CO2 and the other greenhouse gases. More uncertain is the radiative forcing due to the indirect cloud-mediated effects of aerosol particles. Although aerosol particles have a potential climatic importance over and down wind of industrial regions that is equal to that of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, they are still poorly characterized in global climate models. This is a result of a lack of both globally distributed data and a clear understanding of the processes linking gaseous precursor emissions, atmospheric aerosol properties, and the spectra of aerosol optical depth and cloud reflectivity. At this time, tropospheric aerosols pose one of the largest uncertainties in model calculations of the climate forcing due to anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere. Clearly, considerable attention must be focused on quantifying the processes controlling the natural and anthropogenic aerosol and on defining and minimizing the uncertainties in the calculated climate forcings. The Southern Hemisphere Marine Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1) is the first of a series of experiments that will quantify the combined chemical and physical processes controlling the evolution and properties of the atmospheric aerosol relevant to radiative forcing and climate. The objectives of this series of process studies are to provide the necessary data to incorporate aerosols into global climate models and to reduce the overall uncertainty in the calculation of climate forcing by aerosols. The goal of ACE-1 is to document the chemical, physical, and optical characteristics and determine the controlling processes of the aerosol in the remote marine atmosphere.

RITS -- Trace gases in the marine boundary layer affect the Earth’s radiative and chemical balance by absorbing the long-wave radiation leaving the Earth (green-house gases) and by altering the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. The concentrations of these chemically reactive and infrared-active trace gases are increasing in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities. There is considerable scientific evidence that the increasing atmospheric concentrations of these gases will lead to a global warming which could have disruptive consequences world-wide. Predicting future concentrations of these gases and their potential climatic effects requires an improved understanding of their atmospheric sources and sinks and the processes controlling their concentrations. The goals of the marine RITS program are:

1. to assess the oceanic sources and sinks of the radiatively and reactively important trace species,

2. assess the oceanic and atmospheric distributions and properties of the key species, and

3. to understand the processes controlling the oceanic and atmospheric concentrations and assess the sensitivity of these systems to anthropogenic and natural perturbations.

2.0 Personnel

2.1 Chief Scientist

Dr. Timothy Bates (PMEL)

The Chief Scientist is authorized to alter the scientific portion of this cruise plan with the concurrence of the Commanding Officer, provided that the proposed changes will not: (1) jeopardize the safety of the personnel or the ship; (2) exceed the allotted time for the cruise; (3) result in undue additional expense; or (4) change the general intent of the cruise.

2.2 Participating Scientists

Name	Sex	Nationality	Affiliation	Legs
				1	2
Dr. Timothy Bates	M	USA	PMEL	X	X
Dr. Patricia Quinn	F	USA	PMEL	X	X
Dr. James Johnson	M	USA	JISAO/PMEL	X	X
Dr. Vladimir Kapustin	M	Russia	JISAO/PMEL	X	X
Mr. Michael Hamilton	M	USA	JISAO/PMEL	X	X
Mr. Drew Hamilton	M	USA	JISAO/PMEL	X	X
Ms. Karen Kreutzer	F	USA	UW/JISAO	X	X
Ms. Cynthia Graff	F	USA	UW/JISAO	X	X
Dr. Kris Hansen	F	USA	NRC/PMEL	X
Mr. Doug Orsini	M	USA	IfT	X	X
Mr. Krejci	M	Sweden	Lund	X
Mr. Olle Berg	M	Sweden	Lund		X
Dr. Warren De Bruyn	M	South Africa	RSMAS	X	X
Dr. Xian Shi	M	USA	MIT	X	X
Mr. Gary Kleiman	M	USA	MIT	X	X
Dr. Alex Pszenny	M	USA	MIT		X
Dr. Tom Carsey	M	USA	AOML	X	X
Mr. Mike Farmer	M	USA	AOML	X	X
Mr. Chuck Skupniewicz	M	USA	NPGS	X
Dr. Michael Weller	M	German	MOP	X
TBN (ISS)	M	USA	NCAR	X	X
TBN (ISS)	M	USA	NCAR	X**
Dr. Randy Johnson	M	USA	ARL		X
Mr. Brian Jones	M	USA	USAl	X	X
Dr. Robert Moore	M	Canada	DU	X
Mr. Wayne Groszko	M	Canada	DU	X
Ms. Betsy Webb	F	Canada	DU	X
Mr. Stewart Niven	M	Canada	DU	X
Dr. Oliver Zafiriou	M	USA	WHOI	X
Mr. Masahito Taki	M	Japan	SU	X	X
Mr. Akihiro Terao	M	Japan	SU	X
Dr. Yoshimi Suzuki	M	Japan	SU		X
Mr. Fred Brechtel	M	USA	CSU		X*
Ms. Georgina Sturrock	F	British	NIWA		X*
Dr. Pai-Wei Whung	F		CIMAS		X*
TBN					X*
TBN					X*
TBN					X*
total scientists				28	27

• transit to Macquarie Is. only

• Seattle to Hilo only

3.0 Schedule

	Arrive	Depart
Leg 1 (30 days)
		11 October	Seattle, Washington
	21 October	22 October	Hilo, HI (fuel stop)
	10 November		Hobart, Australia
Leg 2 (30 days)
		15 November	Hobart, Australia
	18 November	18 November	Macquarie Island
			(personnel/equipment transfer)
	14 December		Hobart, Australia
total sea/ship days 60

A detailed analysis of transit times is included in Appendix B.

4.0 Operations

4.1 Underway Measurements

The following continuous measurements will be made aboard Discoverer during transit and while on station:

Atmospheric Chemical Measurements

Mass size distributions of nss sulfate, MSA, ammonium, and other major ions with a seven stage multi-jet cascade impactor. Sampling time periods will range from 12 to 24 hours. (Quinn & M.Hamilton, PMEL)

Mass size distributions of nss sulfate, MSA, ammonium, and other major ions with a six-stage hi-vol cascade impactor. Sampling times will range from 2 to 6 hours. (Quinn & Hansen, PMEL for Sievering, UC)

Sub- and super-micron nss sulfate, MSA, ammonium, and other major ions with a two stage multi-jet cascade impactor. Upper size cuts will be 1.0 and 10.0 mm diameter. Sampling time periods will be 4 to 6 hours. (Quinn, PMEL)

The ammonium to nss sulfate molar ratio from 10 to 600 nm diameter using thermal conditioning in conjunction with a TDMA. (Orsini, ITR)

Single particle analysis using SEM/EDXA to characterize aerosol morphology, chemical composition, and aerodynamics. (Quinn & Hansen, PMEL for McInnes, UC)

Combustion analysis for sub-micron total organic and elemental carbon (Quinn & Hansen, PMEL) and total organic nitrogen and carbon (Suzuki, SU)

Solvent-soluble organics using GCMS (Hansen, PMEL)

Gas phase measurements of SO2 (De Bruyn & Saltzman, RSMAS), NH3 (Kreutzer & Quinn, PMEL/UW), DMS (Bates, PMEL), CO and O3 (surface and vertical profiles)(Johnson, JISAO), Alkenes (Graff & Johnson, JISAO/UW), NMHC (Shi, Kleiman, Pszenny & Prinn, MIT), PAN and nitrogen oxides (Carsey & Farmer, AOML), Rn (Bates & D.Hamilton, PMEL & Whittlestone, ANSTO), methyl halides (Moore, Groszko, & Webb, DU), CO2 (Feely, PMEL) carbon isotopes (Quay, UW).

Gravimetric analysis of mass as a function of size. (Quinn & M.Hamilton, PMEL)

Total number concentration of CN with Dp>15 nm and CN with Dp>3 nm using TSI 3760 and 3025 particle counters, respectively. (Kapustin, JISAO & Covert, UW)

Particle number size distribution from 3 to 10000 nm diameter using an UDMPS, standard DMPS, and TSI 3300 APS. (Kapustin, JISAO & Covert, UW)

Particle number size distribution from 200 to 20000 nm using a CSASP-200 PMS probe (Durkee & Skupniewicz, NPGS)

CCN number concentration at 0.65% supersaturation. (Kapustin, JISAO & Covert, UW)

Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles with TDMA. (Krejci, Berg & Swietlicki, LU)

Total light scattering and the backscattered fraction at wavelengths of 450, 550, and 700 nm.(Quinn and Bates, PMEL)

Total light scattering at low reference RH and at higher RH values using dual Radiance Research Corporation nephelometers. (Kapustin, JISAO & Covert, UW)

Aerosol optical depth with hand-held and sun-seeking sunphotometers. (Quinn, PMEL & Dutton, CMDL; Porter, UH; Weller, MOP)

Rates of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO production and consumption (Jones & Kiene, Univ. S. Alabama)

CO oxidation rates (Zafiriou, WHOI, Leg I only)

NH3 and pH (Kreutzer & Quinn, PMEL/UW)

DMS (Bates, PMEL)

CO (Johnson, JISAO)

Alkenes (Graff & Johnson, JISAO/UW)

NMHC (Shi, Kleiman, Pszenny & Prinn, MIT)

Methyl halides (Moore, Groszko, & Webb, DU, Leg I only)

pCO2 (Feely, PMEL)

POC, PON, POS, DOC, DON, DOS (Suzuki, SU)

Surface air temperature, dew point, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation amount and frequency, solar insulation (Johnson & D.Hamilton, PMEL).

Vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, dew point and winds, UHF/VHF Doppler wind profiler, radio acoustic sounding system (NCAR).

Cloud cover using total-sky camera (D.Hamilton, PMEL).

Surface seawater temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, and nitrate (Bates & D.Hamilton, PMEL.

Satellite observations of aerosol optical depth, aerosol number/size (Skupniewicz & Durkee, NPGS, Leg 1 only).

Smart balloon releases (R.Johnson, ARL, leg 2 only).

Air samples will be collected using equipment mounted on the forward part of the flying bridge and G-deck. A mast will extend approximately 8 meters above G deck for air sampling lines. Additional air sampling lines will run from the flying bridge to the oceanographic laboratories and laboratory van on G-deck port side. A compressor will be located on the starboard shelter deck to fill aluminum gas cylinders for carbon isotope samples. The compressor requires 30amps at 110 volts.

Ship and scientific personnel must constantly be aware of potential sample contamination. Work activities forward of the main stack must be secured during sampling operations. This includes the bow, boat deck forward of the stack, bridge deck and flying bridge. The scientists on watch must be notified of any change in ship course or speed that will move the relative wind abaft the ship's beam or if anyone needs access to the bow. The scientists on watch should also be notified when the ship enters a rain squall and when the rain subsides.

Continuous water sampling will be made from the ship's bow intake system. This system must be capable of delivering 100 liters per minute through the F deck piping. Seawater will be drawn off this line to the vans on G deck and to three sea/air equilibrators located on the F shelter deck starboard side. Care must be taken to prevent contamination from smoke, solvent, cleaning solutions, etc.

Continuous underway measurements of CO2 will be made from one of the headspace equilibrators on F deck utilizing a LICOR NDIR Analyzer. The instrument will be operated and maintained by the Survey Department in the same manner as during the previous TAO cruise.

4.2 Station Operations

A CTD cast will be made each day during Leg I. Atmospheric and surface seawater sampling will continue while on station. The ship will remain headed into the wind to prevent contamination from the ship's exhaust and vents. Again, extreme care must be exercised to prevent contamination of the air samples. The scientists on watch must be notified of any ship operation that will move the relative wind abaft the ship's beam.

CTD operations will be conducted by the survey department. Maximum cast depth will be 500m with most samples collected in the photic zone (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 200, and 500 m). Water from the cast will be sampled for carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations, CO production and consumption rates, halocarbons, and chlorophyll. An internally logging fluorometer and irradiance meter will be attached to the rosette. Every third day an additional cast will be made to 150m to collect a large volume (all bottles) water sample. At these stations a vertical net tow will be made to 100m to collect plankton samples.

4.3 Kilaeua Operations

The plume from the Kilaeua volcano on the island of Hawaii will be monitored by satellite imagery. When Discover reaches the center of the plume along 160°W, the ship will turn into the wind and proceed slowly towards the volcano for a 24 hour sampling period. At the end of the sampling period, the ship will head for Hilo to refuel.

4.4 Balloon Launches

Atmospheric temperature, humidity and wind profiles will be obtained from rawindsondes released from the ship twice per day at 1100 and 2300 UCT. Additional rawindsonde launches will occur during intensive sampling periods. Constant density balloons will be launched during leg II to start the lagrangian experiments. In addition, approximately 15 ozonesondes will be released throughout the cruise. Balloons will be filled and launched from the balloon shack.

4.5 Macquarie Island Operations

At the beginning of Leg II, Discoverer will proceed directly to Macquarie Island to disembark scientists and equipment. The scientists will return to Hobart on the Australia supply ship at the conclusion of ACE-1.

4.6 ACE-1 Operations

ACE-1 measurements will be conducted from Discoverer, the Australian FRV Southern Surveyor, the NCAR C-130 aircraft, and ground-based stations at Cape grim, Macquarie Island, and Baring Head (New Zealand). Discoverer’s general operating area is shown in dotted box of figure 1. Discoverer shiptime during the ACE-1 intensive will be used for:

1. An areal survey of DMS emissions,

2. Chemical, physical and optical measurements of the atmospheric aerosol to address the local closure and process studies outlined in the ACE-1 Science and Implementation Plan,

3. Surface support for the aircraft Lagrangian experiments and column closure experiments. The ship will release balloons and tracers for the Lagrangian experiment,

15-18 November	Depart Hobart, transit to Macquarie Island.
18-20 November	Sampling south of the subantarctic frontal zone, measurement intercomparison with Macquarie Island.
20-27 November	Sampling south of the subtropical front and southwest of Tasmania. Provide ground support for Lagrangian experiments.
27-30 November	Atmospheric sampling upwind of Cape Grim for measurement intercomparison with land and aircraft platforms.
01-07 December	Sampling south of the subtropical front and southwest of Tasmania. Provide ground support for Lagrangian experiments.
07-14 December	Sampling north of the subtropical front, west of Tasmania. Atmospheric sampling upwind of Cape Grim for second measurement intercomparison with land and aircraft platforms. Transit to Hobart.

During Lagrangian support periods, constant density balloons will be filled and launched from Discoverer to mark an air mass. After the NCAR C-130 begins to follow this airmass, Discoverer will run downwind for 24 hours to sample surface seawater under the balloon’s path. After 24 hours the ship will turn upwind and return to the Lagrangian starting point.

5.0 Facilities

5.1 Equipment and capabilities to be provided by ship

The following systems and their associated support services are essential to the cruise. Sufficient consumables, back-up units, and on-site spare parts and technical support must be in place to assure that operational interruptions are minimal. All measurement instruments are expected to have current calibrations and all pertinent calibration information shall be included in the data package.

(a) Navigational systems including high resolution GPS.

(b) CTD/rosette sampling system. The CTD system will be operated by ship's personnel. Specific requirements for this system are:
• winch & cable with 500 meter depth capability,

• CTD stand and rosette,

• Niskin bottles with silicon O-rings and tubing (15 ea, 10 liter).

(c) Autosal Salinometer, salinity sample bottles, standard sea water

(d) Thermosalinograph calibrated to within 0.1C and 0.01 ppt.

(e) Dry compressed air (100 psi, 2 CFM) to 2 vans (AL Van and Aerosol Van). Power, water and telephone connections to vans (see section 5.2).

(f) Continuously flowing seawater to the vans and shelter deck equilibrators (minimum of 100 liters per minute). Five water taps will be needed in the sampling line near the equilibrators.

(g) Laboratory/work space in met. lab, balloon shack, oceo lab, and plot room.

(h) Freezer space (30 cubic feet) for air and seawater samples. Samples will be preserved with glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde and acetone.

(i) SEAS XBT recording system and XBTs as required by the SEAS directive.

(j) Refrigerator space (10 cubic feet) for air samples (no chemicals).

(k) Access to ship’s gyro ouput for satellite receiver.

(l) Pedestal mount for satellite antenna on top of forward mast.

(m) Space on the flying bridge for two vans (remove light from starboard pedestal, relocate bigeyes to centerline).

(n) Winch/meter wheel for net tows from starboard A-Frame.

(a) Vans (van locations are shown in appendix D)

1) Sulfur van (AL van)

wt	10,000 lbs
size	8' X 20'
power	30 amps 440 v three phase
location	port side F deck

Needs freshwater and clean seawater lines, compressed air (100 psi/2 CFM) and phone.

This van will remain in this position until the ship returns to Seattle. It will be used during the CSP cruise.

2) Aerosol van

wt	12,000 lbs
size	8' X 18'
power	50 amp 440 v three phase
location	G deck forward, port side

Needs a phone and freshwater.

This van will remain in this position until the ship returns to Seattle. It will be used during the CSP cruise.

3) Pump van

wt	4,000 lbs
size	7' X 12'
power	from aerosol van
location	G deck forward, starboard side

Needs compressed air (100 psi/2 CFM).

This van will remain in this position until the ship returns to Seattle. It will be used during the CSP cruise.

4) Spare parts/storage van,

wt	12,000 lbs
size	8' X 20'
power	none
location	fantail

This van will be off-loaded at the end of the ACE-1 cruise in Hobart (December).

5) Ammonia-Sulfur Dioxide van,

wt	4,000 lbs
size	10' x 10'
power	440 v, 10 amps
location	Flying bridge, starboard side

Needs phone, fresh water

This van will remain aboard until the ship returns to Seattle. It will be moved to the fantail at the end of ACE-1 (December).

6) AOML van

wt	5,000 lbs
size	8.5' x 6.8'
power	440 v, 60 amps
location	Flying Bridge, port side

needs phone

This van will remain aboard until the ship returns to Seattle. It will be moved to the fantail at the end of ACE-1 (December).

7) NCAR ISS van

wt	16,000 lbs
size	8' x 20'
power	220 v, 60 amp
location	fantail

This van will be off-loaded at the end of the ACE-1 cruise in Hobart (December).

8) CO2 van

wt	12,000 lbs
size	8' x 20'
power	440 v, 30 amp
location	fantail

This van will be off-loaded at the end of the WOCE cruise in Samoa.

(b) Air sampling equipment including pumps, flowmeters, filters, ozone and soot analyzer, aerosol sizing instrumentation, condensation nuclei counter, and cloud condensation nuclei counter

(c) Chemical analysis instrumentation including gas chromatographs, equilibrators, ion chromatographs, glove boxes, autoanalyzers, fluorometers, and pH meter.

(d) Chemical reagents, compressed gases (approximately 120 cylinders), and liquid nitrogen (200 liters). A complete listing of all chemicals to be brought onboard is included in Appendix C. Material Data Safety Sheets will be provided to ship before any chemicals are loaded.

(e) Aircraft radio to communicate with the NCAR C-130.

(f) Plankton net and internally logging fluorometer and irradiance meter (DU).

(g) Satellite antenna (NPGS).