Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

DRUG USE AMONG U.S. WORKERS:

PREVALENCE AND TRENDS BY OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY

CATEGORIES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Office of Applied Studies

Drug Use Among U.S. Workers: Prevalence and Trends by Occupation and Industry Categories

by:

John P. Hoffmann

Angela Brittingham

Cindy Larison

National Opinion Research Center

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This publication was developed by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC), 1155 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies (SAMHSA/OAS) under Contract No. 283-94-0002. Dean R. Gerstein was the principal investigator, and Janet Greenblatt was the SAMHSA project officer. The authors appreciate the guidance provided by the following reviewers: Dean R. Gerstein, NORC, Robert A. Johnson, NORC, Janet Greenblatt, Office of Applied Studies, Joseph Gfroerer, Office of Applied Studies, Charles Williams, Workplace Community Prevention Branch, Joseph H. Autry, M.D., and Robert Stephenson, II, Division of Workplace Programs, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, SAMHSA.

Public Domain Notice

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from SAMHSA. Citation of the source is appreciated.

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(301) 443-7980

May 1996

DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 96-3089

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter	Page

LIST OF TABLES	vii

HIGHLIGHTS	1

1.	INTRODUCTION	3

2.	TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUG AND HEAVY ALCOHOL USE AMONG WORKERS	7

3.	PREVALENCE OF ILLICIT DRUG AND HEAVY ALCOHOL USE AMONG

FULL-TIME WORKERS	15

4.	ILLICIT DRUG AND HEAVY ALCOHOL USE, BY OCCUPATION,

INDUSTRY, GENDER, AND MARITAL STATUS	73

5.	ILLICIT DRUG AND HEAVY ALCOHOL USE, BY OCCUPATION,

INDUSTRY, AND NUMBER OF JOBS HELD IN THE PAST FIVE YEARS	105

6.	EMPLOYEE DRUG TESTING BY OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY	121

7.	ABSENCE FROM WORK AND ILLICIT DRUG AND HEAVY ALCOHOL USE	131

8.	ILLICIT DRUG AND HEAVY ALCOHOL USE AMONG PART-TIME WORKERS	137

APPENDICES

A.	NHSDA QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS USED	A-1

B.	ANALYTIC METHODS	B-1

C.	U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY CODES	C-1

LIST OF TABLES

Table	Page

2.1	Trends in Percentage of Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Employment Status, 1985-1993	9

2.2	Trends in Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Occupation Categories, 1988-1993	10

2.3	Trends in Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Industry Categories, 1985-1993	12

3.1	Occupation Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Current Illicit

Drug Use, Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993	17

3.2	Occupation Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Heavy Alcohol

Use, Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993	19

3.3	Industry Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Current Illicit

Drug Use, Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993	21

3.4	Industry Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Heavy Alcohol

Use, Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993	23

3.5	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Occupation Categories, 1991-1993	25

3.6	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Industry Categories, 1991-1993	34

3.7	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories, 1991-1993	43

3.8	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Industry Categories, 1991-1993	49

3.9	Estimated Number of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories, 1991-1993	57

3.10	Estimated Number of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Industry Categories, 1991-1993	64

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table	Page

4.1	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories and Gender, 1991-1993	75

4.2	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Industry Categories and Gender, 1991-1993	82

4.3	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories and Marital Status, 1991-1993	89

4.4	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Industry Categories and Marital Status, 1991-1993	96

5.1	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories and Number of Jobs Held in the

Past Five Years, 1991-1993	106

5.2	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Industry Categories and Number of Jobs Held in the

Past Five Years, 1991-1993	113

6.1	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Participation in a

Mandatory Employer Drug Test in the Past 12 Months and Current Illicit Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories, 1991-1993	122

6.2	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Participation in a

Mandatory Employer Drug Test in the Past 12 Months and Current Illicit Drug Use,

by Revised Industry Categories, 1991-1993	125

7.1	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by

Selected Occupation Categories and Whether They Skipped Work in the

Previous 30 Days, 1991-1993	132

7.2	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by

Selected Industry Categories and Whether They Skipped Work in the

Previous 30 Days, 1991-1993	133

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table	Page

7.3	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Selected Occupation Categories and Whether They Were Absent from Work Two or More

Days in the Previous 30 Days Due to Illness or Injury, 1991-1993	134

7.4	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Selected

Industry Categories and Whether They Were Absent from Work Two or More

Days in the Previous 30 Days Due to Illness or Injury, 1991-1993	135

8.1	Percentage of Part-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Occupation Categories, 1991-1993	138

8.2	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Occupation Categories, 1991-1993	140

8.3	Percentage of Part-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Industry Categories, 1991-1993	142

8.4	Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Industry Categories, 1991-1993	144

Highlights

This report presents information on illicit drug use and heavy alcohol use among full-time U.S. workers based on the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). By combining data from the 1991-1993 NHSDAs, the report shows the percentage of full-time workers, ages 18-49, who reported illicit drug and heavy alcohol use, by specific occupation and industry categories. The key results of this report include:

•	There was a significant decrease from 1985 to 1993 in the percentage of full-time, part-time, and unemployed workers who reported current and past year illicit drug use. The prevalence of heavy alcohol use remained relatively steady, although among unemployed workers there was a significant increase from 1985 to 1993.

•	During 1991-1993, the highest rates of current and past year illicit drug use were reported by workers in the following occupations: Construction, Food Preparation, and Waiters and Waitresses. Heavy alcohol use followed a similar pattern, although Auto Mechanics, Vehicle Repairers, Light Truck Drivers, and Laborers also had high rates of heavy alcohol use.

•	The lowest rates of current illicit drug use were found among workers in the following occupations: Police and Detectives, Administrative Support, Teachers, and Child Care Workers. The lowest rates of heavy alcohol use were among Data Clerks, Personnel Specialists, and Secretaries.

•	In general, unmarried workers (divorced, separated, or never married) had about twice the rate of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use as married workers.

•	Workers who reported having three or more jobs in the previous five years were about twice as likely to be current or past year illicit drug users as those who had two or fewer jobs.

•	About 13 percent of full-time workers, ages 18-49, reported past year involvement in a mandatory drug test at work. The highest percentage occurred among Truck Drivers, other Transportation Drivers, and Public Safety officials (e.g., Police, Fire Fighters). The lowest rates were reported by Entertainers and Writers, Lawyers and Judges, and Teachers.

•	Part-time workers, ages 18-49, reported a higher rate of illicit drug and a similar rate of heavy alcohol use as full-time workers. Part-time workers in the following occupations reported the highest rate of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use: Construction, Farming and Fishing, and Transportation.

Chapter 1 Introduction

This report contains national estimates of the prevalence of drug use (including illicit drug use and heavy alcohol use) among persons working in specific occupation and industry categories. The estimates are derived from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), a cross-sectional survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States ages 12 and over. The principal focus of the report is the nation's full-time workers ages 18-49. Analysis of these occupation and industry categories was made possible by combining the data from the 1991-1993 NHSDAs. The report also presents information on trends in prevalence over time, employee drug testing, absence from work, and prevalence among part-time workers.

1.1 Summary of NHSDA Methodology

The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse is the principal source of statistical information on the use of illicit drugs by the United States population. Conducted periodically by the federal government since 1971, the NHSDA collects information by administering questionnaires to a representative sample of the population at their places of residence. Since October 1992, the survey has been directed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The two primary goals of the survey are to estimate the prevalence of illicit drug use in the United States, and to monitor trends in prevalence.

The NHSDA includes residents of households, noninstitutionalized group quarters (e.g., shelters, dormitories, rooming houses), and civilians living on military bases. Persons excluded from the survey, and thus from the population it represents, include the homeless who never use shelters, active military personnel, U.S. citizens living abroad, and residents of institutionalized settings, such as jails and hospitals.

The survey interview takes about one hour to complete and includes procedures designed to maximize honest reporting of illicit drug use (such as the use of self-administered answer sheets). Information is collected on the recency and frequency of use of a variety of licit and illicit drugs, opinions about drugs, and drug treatment history.

In addition to detailed information about drug use, the NHSDA collects information on employment, race/ethnicity, age, marital status, health status, and problems associated with use. The employment data include current status (e.g., full- or part-time employment), detailed occupation and industry classifications, work history, and drug testing at work.

1.2 Purposes of this Report

Drug use by the U.S. work force is an important health and public policy issue. Although there is some research that describes this issue and provides estimates of drug use among workers,1 virtually all studies are restricted to an examination of a particular company, occupation, or industry. The main limitation of previous research has been a lack of nationally representative surveys with sufficient sample sizes to examine the numerous occupations and industries that comprise the American work force. Combining NHSDAs allows one to overcome this obstacle and provide estimates of drug use by more specific occupation and industry classifications than has been possible previously. Therefore, one may gain a better understanding of the distribution of drug use among U.S. workers, and tailor prevention and treatment efforts for those occupations and industries affected most by illicit drug and heavy alcohol use.

The present report uses data from the 1991, 1992, and 1993 NHSDAs and focuses primarily on survey respondents, ages 18-49, who reported that they were working full-time at the time they were interviewed. In addition, the trend tables (Tables 2.1-2.3) utilize data from the periodic NHSDAs conducted between 1985 and 1993. Since each person was interviewed only once, the combined 1991-1993 data was used to maximize the number of respondents available for analysis. Overall, the 1991-1993 surveys included 87,915 respondents. Of these, almost two-fifths (38.1 percent) reported that they were 18-49 years old and currently working full-time. The overall sample size used in the following analyses is 33,505, representing an annual average of about 77 million 18-49 year old full-time workers. The remainder of the sample consisted of those outside the target age range (ages 12-17 or 50 and older), part-time workers, homemakers, retired persons, students, and the unemployed.

The report is concerned principally with the distribution of and trends in illicit drug use and heavy alcohol use among U.S. workers by occupation and industry. The NHSDA uses the U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL) standard classification system to place workers into particular occupation and industry categories. These categories are represented by three-digit codes. Appendix C provides a detailed list of these codes.

Specifically, the following tables report the prevalence of past month illicit drug use (termed "current use"), past year illicit drug use, and past month heavy alcohol use, by occupation and industry categories. Since use of the USDOL three digit classification system (the Standard Occupational Classification system, SOC; and the Standard Industrial Classification system, SIC) resulted in groups that were too small for precise estimates, three classification systems were either adopted or developed for use in this report. The first, which is employed to assess trends over time in drug use by occupation and industry categories from 1985 to 1993 (see Tables 2.2-2.3) and to compare part-time to full-time workers (see Tables 8.1-8.4), is a commonly used system2 of 15 occupation and 15 industry categories that collapses detailed categories into larger broad groupings. The second, represented in Tables 3.1-3.6, uses a more detailed system of 73 occupation categories and 71 industry categories to capture the largest number of categories feasible for precise prevalence estimates. However, once the sample was divided into demographic subgroups (e.g., by gender or marital status), the groups that resulted from this system proved too small for precise estimates. Therefore, a revised system of 40 occupation categories and 51 industry categories, used in Tables 3.7-7.4, was developed so that a further analysis of drug use among full-time workers could be undertaken.

Specific questions addressed in this report include:

•	Has the prevalence of drug use among full-time workers changed over time?

•	Which occupations and industries exhibited the highest prevalence of illicit drug use and heavy drinking?

•	Which occupations and industries account for the largest aggregate numbers of full-workers using illicit drugs and drinking heavily?

•	Did illicit drug and heavy alcohol use rates among full-time workers differ by gender or marital status, and were these differences more pronounced in certain occupations or industries?

•	What percentage of full-time workers have participated in a mandatory drug testing program at work, and how does this relate to current illicit drug use?

•	Are illicit drug and heavy alcohol use associated with job changes or absence from work?

•	What is the prevalence of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use among part-time workers by occupation and industry?

The following chapters and their affiliated tables provide numerous estimates that seek to answer these questions.

1.3 Limitations of the Results

Before proceeding to a description of the findings, it is important to note that, besides the basic questions outlined, no attempt is made in this report to control for potentially confounding factors that might explain the observed associations. For instance, it is essential to recognize that both age and gender can confound any association between drug use and occupation or industry. Males and younger adults are more likely to use illicit drugs and alcohol than women and older adults.3 Since some occupations tend to be overrepresented by males (e.g., construction jobs) or younger people (e.g., waiters and waitresses), it might appear that something about these occupations is associated intrinsically with drug use. Actually, drug use might be more prevalent among certain occupations or industries merely because males or younger people also happen to be overrepresented in these occupations. For several of the tables in this report, the age and gender composition of occupations and industries is provided, along with drug use prevalence, to aid in the interpretation of results. Furthermore, the cross-sectional nature of these data precludes any causal interpretations of observed relationships. For example, a higher rate of illicit drug use among workers who missed days of work than among workers who did not miss work is not proof that drug use causes absence from work. Finally, the information presented does not measure potential illicit drug or heavy alcohol use while at work; the questions are designed to determine any use during the past month or past year.

1.4 Outline of the Chapters

This report relies primarily on tables to provide information on illicit drug and heavy alcohol use among U.S. workers. Textual reporting is kept to a minimum. Chapter two presents trend data on illicit drug and heavy alcohol use by occupation and industry categories. Chapter three provides data on the prevalence of drug use by occupation and industry. The next chapter presents a breakdown of drug use by gender and marital status of the workers. A description of drug use by occupation, industry, and the number of jobs held in the past five years is provided in chapter five. Chapter six reports data on participation in mandatory drug testing programs by full-time workers. The final two chapters assess absence from work and reported drug use, and present information on illicit drug and heavy alcohol use among part-time workers, ages 18-49. Three appendices that describe the NHSDA questionnaire items from which the estimates were derived, the statistical techniques used, and the detailed coding of occupations and industries conclude the report.

Chapter 2 Trends in Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Use Among Full-Time Workers

This chapter provides an overview of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use among U.S. workers, ages 18- 49, over a nine year period from 1985-1993.

Table 2.1 presents a broad picture of trends in drug use among U.S. workers and nonworkers. Unlike the rest of the report, the table provides information on illicit drug and heavy alcohol use among four groups: full-time workers, part-time workers, unemployed workers, and others (i.e., retired, disabled, homemaker, student, or "other"). Current and past year illicit drug use decreased significantly from 1985 to 1993 among each group. Heavy alcohol use remained at similar levels from 1985 to 1993, with a slight, but significant, decrease among full-time workers. There was a significant increase in heavy alcohol use from 1985 to 1993 among unemployed workers.

Table 2.1 also shows that since 1985, rates of illicit drug use and heavy alcohol use for full-time employed workers ages 18-49 have consistently been about the same as for the total population ages 18-49. Furthermore, rates of illicit drug use were consistently higher in the unemployed population than in the total population.

Tables 2.2 and 2.3 present trends in current illicit drug use, past year illicit drug use, and past month heavy alcohol use for 15 occupation and 15 industry categories. Estimates for occupation categories (Table 2.2) are shown only for 1988-1993. Occupation categories available from the 1985 NHSDA are not comparable to categories available in later years.

Among specific occupations, most generally follow a similar trend of decreasing reported illicit drug use during 1988-1993. However, there was little change in heavy alcohol use from 1988 to 1993, although in the Service and Construction occupations there was a noticeable decrease.

Table 2.3 shows that, from 1985 to 1993, there was some decrease in heavy alcohol use among the Construction and Transportation groups, but an increase among the Retail Trade group.

Table 2.1 Trends in Percentage of Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Employment Status, 1985-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Employment Status

1985

1988

1990

1991

1992

1993

1985

1988

1990

1991

1992

1993

1985

1988

1990

1991

1992

1993
Total

16 .5	10 .2	8 .9	8 .9	8 .0	8 .1	26 .5	19 .5	18 .4	17 .4	16 .0	16 .6	8 .5	6 .5	6 .8	7 .6	7 .0	7 .0
Full-time	16 .7	9 .9	8 .2	7 .5	7 .0	7 .3	26 .3	19 .5	18 .5	15 .3	14 .3	15 .3	9 .7	7 .0	7 .5	7 .4	6 .8	7 .4
Part-time	15 .3	11 .7	10 .3	10 .5	8 .4	10 .3	25 .9	21 .3	18 .7	18 .6	18 .9	20 .2	6 .8	6 .7	6 .2	6 .3	7 .4	5 .9
Unemployed	27 .9	20 .7	15 .7	18 .9	16 .8	14 .1	39 .8	30 .0	28 .6	32 .7	28 .6	24 .3	8 .2	9 .3	7 .6	13 .1	12 .7	13 .7
Other1

11 .7	6 .7	7 .2	8 .4	7 .1	7 .0	22 .1	15 .2	13 .4	17 .1	14 .1	15 .4	4 .6	3 .5	3 .1	6 .8	4 .9	3 .5

Note: Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

1Retired, disabled, homemakers, students, and "others."

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: 1985-1993.

Table 2.2 Trends in Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Occupation Categories, 1988-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Occupation Category	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993
Total	9.9	8.2	7 .5	7 .0	7 .3	19.5	18.5	15.3	14.3	15.3	7.0	7.5	7.4	6.8	7.4
Executive, Administrative & Managerial

(003-037)	6.7	9.9	6 .3	5 .1	5 .5	14.9	19.4	12.9	11.5	12.4	4.3	5.8	4.6	4.4	7.5
Professional Specialty

(043-199)	8.4	3.9	5 .6	5 .0	4 .9	16.5	11.6	11.5	12.8	12.3	5.3	2.5	3.9	4.0	3.8
Technicians & Related Support

(203-235)	*	4.4	4 .2	6 .1	3 .1	21.2	16.8	11.0	11.6	14.2	*	5.6	7.4	4.8	4.3
Sales

(243-285)	10.2	11.6	6 .9	8 .3	8 .1	19.5	24.8	13.3	17.4	16.1	4.9	7.2	5.3	6.8	5.0
Administrative Support

(303-389)	7.4	7.2	6 .0	5 .0	5 .3	14.1	15.9	15.5	11.6	13.9	4.0	3.1	4.6	2.7	5.3
Private Household

(403-407)	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Protective Service

(413-427)	*	*	6 .1	2 .8	1 .3	*	*	11.2	5.2	6.2	*	*	4.6	*	*
Service

(433-469)	15.8	9.7	11 .9	11 .0	11 .1	32.3	22.9	21.1	18.6	22.1	12.7	10.8	10.2	8.9	7.7
See notes at end of table.

Table 2.2 (continued) Trends in Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Occupation Categories, 1988-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Occupation Category	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993
Farming, Fishing & Forestry

(473-499)	*	*	8 .9	5 .6	10 .5	*	*	18.1	10.8	17.7	*	*	10.2	10.2	10.2
Precision Production & Repair

(503-549)	12.0	7.2	9.3	8.1	9.5	18.6	21.9	16.7	16.0	16.3	*	13.1	11.9	14.9	9.9
Construction

(553-599)	18.5	16.8	16.1	14.1	13.0	36.3	31.2	24.0	19.8	22.0	18.5	16.4	17.9	12.1	13.1
Extractive & Precision Production

(613-699)	18.5	4.0	6.5	7.1	10.1	29.6	18.4	16.5	15.0	16.4	7.3	10.3	10.0	8.0	8.1
Machine Operators & Inspectors

(703-799)	8.0	10.3	6.9	6.7	10.1	20.1	22.7	16.7	13.1	15.8	3.6	8.9	8.5	8.3	5.1
Transportation & Material Moving

(803-859)	11.7	5.2	7.8	7.2	6.5	15.5	10.3	13.6	16.0	15.1	9.9	11.0	12.3	11.1	14.8
Handlers, Helpers & Laborers

(863-889)	12.3	9.3	11.0	13.2	11.1	20.8	16.6	23.1	24.7	22.2	13.8	14.0	11.9	14.0	17.2
Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. See Appendix C for specific codes and occupations. Data from the 1985 NHSDAs are

not included because the categories were not comparable. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more

occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: 1988-1993.

Table 2.3 Trends in Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Industry Categories, 1985-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Industry Category	1985	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993	1985	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993	1985	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993
Total	16.7	9.9	8.2	7.5	7.0	7.3	26.3	19.5	18.5	15.3	14.3	15.3	9.7	7.0	7.5	7.4	6.8	7.4
Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries

(010-031)	9.0	8.9	14.5	6.3	4.7	7.8	15.9	*	*	19.1	10.1	*	11.0	*	*	8.1	6.5	9.9
Mining

(040-050)	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	19.9	12.8	11.3	22.8
Construction

(060)	23.1	18.5	16.9	12.7	12.2	11.6	34.7	33.7	31.9	20.5	19.6	21.8	18.4	20.7	21.5	15.2	11.8	13.6
Manufacturing, Nondurable Goods

(100-222)	17.4	9.0	8.8	6.0	6.0	8.7	26.2	20.0	21.3	16.2	13.8	13.8	11.4	8.8	6.9	6.2	8.5	6.4
Manufacturing, Durable Goods

(230-392)	N/A	8.3	5.2	7.1	6.3	6.7	N/A	17.9	16.7	17.2	14.0	12.8	N/A	4.5	5.9	7.7	9.4	6.1
Transportation, Communication & Other Utilities

(400-472)	18.7	7.8	8.7	4.3	7.3	5.4	27.0	15.9	16.4	13.1	19.9	15.0	17.4	3.8	11.7	7.9	6.4	8.2
Wholesale Trade, Durable Goods

(500-532)	15.0	*	*	10.3	6.1	*	27.2	*	*	16.4	14.7	18.1	11.2	*	*	8.0	*	10.2
See notes at end of table.

Table 2.3 (continued) Trends in Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Industry Categories, 1985-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Industry Category	1985	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993	1985	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993	1985	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993
Wholesale Trade, Nondurable Goods

(540-571)	N/A	*	*	7.3	10.4	3.7	N/A	*	*	13.5	18.1	13.1	N/A	*	*	10.5	11.1	13.8
Retail Trade

(580-691)	19.2	10.6	11.7	11.4	9.5	11.7	29.0	23.2	25.1	19.6	19.1	20.6	5.2	7.6	7.3	8.7	8.1	10.1
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate

(700-712)	12.3	6.6	7.1	6.9	4.0	5.3	26.2	13.3	17.5	17.0	11.8	14.9	4.0	9.3	5.0	5.6	3.1	4.9
Business & Repair Services

(721-760)	11.5	16.1	9.7	11.1	10.5	11.7	23.0	23.4	17.1	20.4	18.2	21.0	12.9	5.7	5.0	7.8	8.9	12.4
Personal Services

(761-791)	*	*	6.0	10.2	7.9	12.4	*	*	*	18.0	20.8	19.2	*	*	5.5	6.8	7.3	3.8
Entertainment & Recreation

(800-802)	*	*	*	18.3	9.7	*	*	*	*	*	16.4	*	*	*	*	8.7	4.4	7.1
Professional & Related Services

(812-892)	12.8	8.6	5.3	4.4	4.7	3.6	21.0	16.8	12.4	9.7	10.4	11.0	3.9	3.0	4.7	4.1	2.9	2.8
Public Administration

(900-932)	*	7.3	4.6	5.3	3.1	2.1	*	12.5	12.8	9.3	7.9	8.3	10.7	5.2	5.9	7.0	4.6	9.0
Note: Standard industry codes appear in parentheses. See Appendix C for specific codes and industries. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

N/A: Not Available

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: 1985-1993.

Chapter 3 Prevalence of Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Use Among Full-Time Workers

The following tables present data on the prevalence of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use among full- time workers, ages 18-49, by two different occupation and industry categorization schemes. The first six tables rely on a scheme of about 70 occupation categories and 70 industry categories to capture a detailed picture of the U.S. work force. The next four tables, as well as those in subsequent chapters, use a smaller set of 40 occupation and 51 industry categories. Note that in Tables 3.6, 3.8, 3.10, and industry tables in subsequent chapters, the major industry groups are listed in bold, while their subgroups are listed in regular text.

3.1 Estimates for Detailed Categories

Tables 3.1 and 3.2 provide the occupation categories with the highest and lowest rates of current illicit drug use (past 30 days) and heavy alcohol use (past 30 days), respectively. Occupations involved in construction and food preparation have the highest reported illicit drug and heavy alcohol use. Among the lowest illicit drug use occupations were police and detectives, and those in which female workers tended to predominate such as teachers, child care workers, and data clerks. Occupations with low rates of heavy alcohol use included data clerks, personnel specialists, and secretaries.

Tables 3.3 and 3.4 furnish similar information, but focus on industry categories. Consistent with the occupation rankings, workers in eating and drinking places were among the highest in percentage reporting illicit drug use. However, workers in the furniture retail sales and entertainment industries also had high rates of illicit drug use. Low rates of illicit drug use were found among workers in child care, at physicians', dentists', and chiropractors' offices, and in schools. Computer and data processing workers reported the highest rates of heavy alcohol use.

Tables 3.5-3.6 present the estimated percentages of full-time workers who reported current illicit drug use, past year illicit drug use, and heavy alcohol use by occupation and industry (see the shaded columns). The tables also furnish the USDOL standard codes (see Appendix C), the unweighted sample sizes, and the estimated population sizes associated with each category. Finally, since gender and age might confound the results (illicit drug and heavy alcohol use are more prevalent among men than women, and among young adults than older adults), the tables provide the percentage of females and the average age of workers in each occupation and industry category. An asterisk in the place of a number indicates that the estimated percentage is suppressed due to low precision (see Appendix B).

3.2 Estimates for Revised Categories

Tables 3.7 and 3.8 present estimates for the smaller set of 40 occupation and 51 industry categories that are used in subsequent tables. Workers from similar groups as those identified above reported the highest current illicit drug and heavy alcohol use. Overall, the categories that include Writers, Artists, Entertainers, and Athletes; Food Preparation and Servers; and Construction workers reported the highest rates of current illicit drug use; while these as well as Mechanics and Vehicle Repairers, Truck Drivers, and Handlers reported the highest rates of heavy alcohol use.

3.3 The Estimated Number of Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Users

Tables 3.9 and 3.10 include the estimated number of full-time workers with illicit drug and heavy alcohol use, by occupation and industry (using the revised categories). These tables provide complementary information to Tables 3.7 and 3.8 since one may compare groups with high rates of use to those with a high aggregate number of users. This comparison has important implications for targeting drug prevention and treatment efforts.

Construction workers and Food Preparation workers and Servers accounted for large numbers of users, each with an estimated number of current illicit drug users in excess of 400,000. Executive Managers, although they had a relatively low rate of use, accounted for about 470,000 current illicit drug users and almost 500,000 heavy alcohol users. Moreover, Sales occupations approached 500,000 current and one million past year illicit drug users.

The industry categories with the highest estimated number of current illicit drug users were Construction and Eating and Drinking Places, with more than 500,000 users each. No other industry category exceeded even 200,000 estimated current illicit drug users. However, the Transportation industry included an estimated 275,000 heavy alcohol users.

Table 3.1 Occupation Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use,

Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993

Ten Highest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use

Ten Lowest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use

Rank

Occupation Category	Percentage

Reporting Drug Use

Rank

Occupation Category	Percentage Reporting Drug Use
1	Other Construction

(563-566,573,588-599)	17.3	1	Police and Detectives

(418-424)	1.0
2	Construction Supervisors

(553-558)	17.2	2	Administrative Support

(389)	2.2
3	Food Preparation

(436-444)	16.3	3	Teachers

(113-159)	2.3
4	Waiters and Waitresses

(435)	15.4	4	Child Care Workers

(406,468)	2.6
5	Helpers and Laborers

(864-873)	13.1	5	Dental and Health Aides

(445-446)	2.8
6	Writers, Designers, Artists, and Athletes

(183,185-188,193- 194,199)	13.1	6	Data Clerks

(384-386)	3.2
7	Janitors

(453)

13.0	7	Records Processing Clerks

(326-336)	3.5

See notes at end of table.

Table 3.1 (continued) Occupation Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of

Current Illicit Drug Use, Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993

Ten Highest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use

Ten Lowest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use

Rank

Occupation Category	Percentage

Reporting Drug Use

Rank

Occupation Category	Percentage Reporting Drug Use
8	Purchasing Agents and Buyers

(028-033)	12.9	8	Computer Programmers and Operators

(229,308-309)	3.6
9	Auto Mechanics

(505)	12.8	9	Engineers

(044-059)	3.9
10	Construction Laborers

(865,869)

Other Laborers

(889)

12.8

12.8	10	Therapists

(098-106)	4.0

Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. Occupation categories that had equal percentages of current illicit drug use were assigned rank order alphabetically. See Table 3.5 for specific characteristics associated with each occupation category, such as unweighted sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 3.2 Occupation Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use,

Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993

Ten Highest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use

Ten Lowest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use

Rank

Occupation Category	Percentage Reporting Heavy Alcohol Use

Rank

Occupation Category	Percentage Reporting Heavy Alcohol Use
1	Other Construction

(563-566,573,588-599)	20.6	1	Data Clerks

(384-386)	0.8
2	Construction Laborers

(865,869)	19.9	2	Personnel and Training Specialists

(008,027)	1.1
3	Helpers and Laborers

(864-873)	19.5	3	Secretaries and Typists

(313-315)	1.4
4	Auto Mechanics

(505)	16.3	4	Bank Tellers

(383)	1.5
5	Food Preparation

(436-444)	16.3	5	Bookkeepers

(337)	1.7
6	Truck Drivers, Light

(805-806)	15.1	6	Clinical Laboratory and Technologists

(203,208)	2.2
7	Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Mechanics and Repairers

(505-519)

14.9	7	Teachers

(113-159)	2.2

See notes at end of table.

Table 3.2 (continued) Occupation Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of

Heavy Alcohol Use, Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993

Ten Highest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use

Ten Lowest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use

Rank

Occupation Category	Percentage Reporting Heavy Alcohol Use

Rank

Occupation Category	Percentage Reporting Heavy Alcohol Use
8	Painters, Plasterers, and Plumbers

(579-587)	14.8	8	Dental and Health Aides

(445-446)	2.3
9	Carpenters

(567-569)	13.8	9	Computer Scientists and Analysts

(064-065)	2.4
10	Material Moving Operators

(844-859)

13.8	10	Child Care Workers

(406,408)	2.6

Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.5 for specific characteristics associated with each occupation category, such as unweighted sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the past 30 days.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 3.3 Industry Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use,

Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993

Ten Highest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use

Ten Lowest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use

Rank

Industry Category	Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Rank

Industry Category	Percentage Reporting Drug Use
1	Eating and Drinking Places

(641)	16.3	1	Child Care Services

(862)	1.3
2	Furniture and Appliance Retail Trade

(632-640)	14.4	2	Physicians, Dentists, Chiropractors, etc. Offices

(812-830)	1.5
3	Entertainment and Recreation

(800-802)	13.7	3	Administration of Programs

(922-931)	1.8
4	Advertising, Business Management, and Consulting

(721,732)	13.1	4	Elementary and Secondary Schools

(842)	2.2
5	Telegraph and Miscellaneous Communications

(442)	12.3	5	Justice and Public Order

(910)	2.2
6	Construction

(060)	12.2	6	Rubber and Plastic Products

(210-212)	2.5
7	Automotive Service and Repair

(750-760)

12.0	7	Air Transportation

(421)	3.2

See notes at end of table.

Table 3.3 (continued) Industry Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use,

Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993

Ten Highest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use

Ten Lowest Rates of Current Illicit Drug Use

Rank

Industry Category	Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Rank

Industry Category	Percentage Reporting Drug Use
8	Other Business & Repair Services

(723-731,733-739,741-742)	11.9	8	National Security

(932)	3.4
9	Printing and Publishing

(171-172)	11.7	9	Telephone

(441)	3.4
10	Auto Supply & Gas Stations

(620-622)	11.2	10	Agricultural

(010-020)

Chemical Products

(180-192)

Colleges and Universities

(850)

3.6

3.6

3.6

Note: Standard industry codes appear in parentheses. Industry categories that had equal percentages of current illicit drug use were assigned rank order alphabetically. See Table 3.6 for specific characteristics associated with each industry category, such as sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 3.4 Industry Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use,

Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993

Ten Highest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use

Ten Lowest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use

Rank

Industry Category	Percentage Reporting Heavy Alcohol Use

Rank

Industry Category	Percentage Reporting Heavy Alcohol Use
1	Computer and Data Processing

(740)	16 .2	1	Physicians, Dentists, Chiropractors, et. Offices

(812-830)	0 .1
2	Eating and Drinking Places

(641)	15 .4	2	Professional and Related Services, misc.

(892)	0 .6
3	Construction

(060)	13 .4	3	Child Care Services

(862)	0 .9
4	Auto Supply and Gas Stations

(620-622)	13 .2	4	Apparel and Shoe Stores

(630-631)	1 .5
5	Lumber and Wood Products

(230-242)	12 .0	5	Hospitals

(831)	2 .1
6	Automotive Service & Repair

(750-760)	11 .4	6	Accounting and Bookkeeping

(890)	2 .3
7	Horticultural

(021)

10 .8	7	Electrical Machinery

(340-350)	2 .7

See notes at end of table.

Table 3.4 (continued) Industry Categories with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use,

Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, 1991-1993

Ten Highest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use

Ten Lowest Rates of Heavy Alcohol Use

Rank

Industry Category	Percentage Reporting Heavy Alcohol Use

Rank

Industry Category	Percentage Reporting Heavy Alcohol Use
8	Metal Industries

(270-301)	10 .0	8	Elementary and Secondary Schools

(842)	2 .7
9	Wholesale Trade, Groceries

(550)	9 .8	9	Private Household

(761)	2 .8
10	Hotel and Motel

(762)

9 .6	10	Legal Services

(841)	3 .0

Note: Standard industry codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.6 for specific characteristics associated with each industry category, such as unweighted sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 3.5 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Occupation

Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated

Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total

33,505	77,011,853	41 .4	34 .7	7 .3	15 .0	7 .1
Financial Managers	007, 025	385	925,500	51 .4	36 .0	4 .6	8 .7	7 .9
Administrators & Legislators	003-006, 014	217	726,232	48 .0	40 .1	*	10 .6	*
Marketing, Advertising & Real Estate Managers	013, 016	290	708,148	43 .7	34 .8	8 .6	23 .0	6 .7
Other Managers

009, 015, 017-019	2246	6,850,228	33 .5	36 .9	5 .4	12 .4	6 .3
Accountants & Auditors	023-024	487	1,089,096	49 .7	35 .5	4 .8	8 .1	3 .4
Bookkeepers

337	437	983,636	91 .3	34 .8	2 .8	11 .7	1 .7
Personnel & Training Specialists	008, 027	183	502,102	62 .8	37 .1	*	11 .4	1 .1

Table 3.5 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Occupation

Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated

Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Purchasing Agents & Buyers	028-033	116	254,106	51 .0	36 .1	12 .9	*	5 .9
Other Management Related Occupations	034-037	314	610,638	68 .3	35 .4	7 .9	12 .2	*
Engineers

044-059	522	1,731,562	8 .4	35 .3	3 .9	9 .4	6 .7
Engineering Technicians	213-216	221	757,596	16 .2	36 .6	6 .8	19 .7	4 .4
Computer Scientists & Analysts	064-065	252	549,519	38 .3	37 .9	*	*	2 .4
Computer Programmers & Operators	229,

308-309	392	755,198	55 .6	34 .9	3 .6	10 .4	2 .7
Natural Scientists & Science Technicians	069-083, 222-225	185	627,026	26 .9	35 .2	4 .2	10 .0	*
Physicians, Dentists, Optometrists & Podiatrists	084-085,

087-089	119	432,010	15 .2	39 .1	*	3 .3	*
Nurses & Nursing Aides	095, 207, 447	1129	2,434,585	91 .3	35 .2	5 .5	12 .8	2 .8
Dental & Health Aides	445-446	216	391,516	91 .7	34 .8	2 .8	9 .9	2 .3
Therapists

098-106	148	384,589	73 .7	35 .7	4 .0	7 .2	3 .5
Clinical Laboratory & Technologists	203, 208	248	608,753	70 .6	32 .5	4 .3	8 .9	2 .2
Teachers

113-159	1094	3,808,200	65 .8	38 .3	2 .3	9 .2	2 .2
Social Workers & Psychologists

167, 174	251	557,673	59 .1	36 .3	7 .0	19 .2	*
Lawyers & Judges	178-179	218	518,471	26 .8	36 .1	*	19 .1	*
Writers, Designers, Artists & Athletes	183, 185- 188, 193- 194, 199	365	685,560	39 .3	33 .8	13 .1	19 .1	5 .6
Sales Supervisors	243	988	2,592,808	36 .0	34 .0	7 .6	15 .1	5 .2
Sales, Business Goods	253-257	561	1,448,833	32 .0	36 .0	6 .9	16 .9	5 .5
Sales Representatives	259	346	856,482	22 .7	35 .6	7 .2	13 .0	8 .4
Sales, Personal Goods	263-274	745	1,288,840	47 .6	32 .5	9 .8	16 .5	5 .3
Sales Clerks & Cashiers	275-276	653	1,107,919	79 .2	29 .4	8 .1	16 .2	5 .3
Supervisors, Administrative Support	303-307	264	666,684	64 .5	35 .8	5 .9	13 .4	*
Secretaries & Typists	313-315	1331	2,150,965	99 .1	34 .9	5 .4	10 .3	1 .4
Information Clerks	317-323	360	564,855	91 .7	31 .5	5 .5	19 .6	3 .3
Records Processing Clerks	326-336	223	447,330	78 .9	32 .6	3 .5	5 .6	4 .0
Postal Workers

354-355	211	449,858	35 .4	38 .0	4 .1	*	6 .8
Material Recording, Scheduling & Distributing Clerks	359-374	569	1,079,103	38 .4	32 .6	6 .5	16 .3	8 .8
Adjusters & Investigators	375-376	439	966,461	67 .4	32 .7	6 .4	15 .2	3 .7
General Office Clerks	379	343	524,752	91 .1	33 .2	*	12 .6	6 .9
Bank Tellers

383	172	282,142	89 .0	29 .9	11 .3	*	1 .5
Data Clerks

384-386	233	344,765	74 .8	31 .7	3 .2	11 .6	0 .8
Administrative Support	389	253	556,072	75 .5	35 .8	2 .2	*	3 .2
Household Workers	403-407	167	194,442	97 .4	30 .6	5 .5	*	3 .4
Child Care Workers	406, 468	327	613,296	96 .4	31 .4	2 .6	8 .0	2 .6
Police & Detectives	418-424	369	913,428	12 .4	33 .7	1 .0	2 .4	10 .8
Guards, Except Public Service	425-427	308	364,734	7 .7	30 .7	6 .2	18 .0	9 .5
Waiters & Waitresses	435	420	664,565	80 .1	28 .1	15 .4	28 .9	12 .1
Food Preparation	436-444	814	1,435,838	43 .4	31 .4	16 .3	27 .6	16 .3
Maids

449	222	322,154	79 .0	35 .0	7 .9	12 .8	3 .6
Janitors

453	582	784,410	30 .7	34 .5	13 .0	20 .6	10 .3
Hairdressers & Barbers	457-458	233	391,611	82 .6	35 .6	6 .9	17 .2	3 .1
Farm Occupations	473-484	261	818,796	15 .3	33 .6	4 .6	11 .2	7 .1
Groundskeepers & Gardeners	486	256	411,483	6 .3	28 .9	11 .4	21 .0	9 .8
Auto Mechanics

505	366	838,505	0 .4	34 .5	12 .8	24 .7	16 .3
Vehicle & Mobile Equip. Mechanics & Repairers	505-519	704	1,813,618	2 .0	34 .4	9 .5	17 .0	14 .9
Electrical Repairers	523-534	237	636,077	3 .6	35 .6	5 .5	13 .7	4 .6
Construction Supervisors	553-558	241	868,944	1 .2	35 .4	17 .2	25 .9	12 .7
Carpenters

567-569	377	776,118	4 .4	32 .8	11 .1	19 .3	13 .8
Electricians

575-577	175	527,436	0 .1	33 .0	6 .3	10 .8	6 .4
Painters, Plasterers & Plumbers	579-587	308	565,195	7 .7	33 .7	18 .3	27 .8	14 .8
Other Construction	563-566, 573, 588- 599	397	755,452	1 .5	33 .1	17 .3	23 .4	20 .6
Supervisors, Production	633	304	1,138,687	19 .9	36 .2	5 .4	14 .7	8 .4
Precision Material Workers	634-688	605	1,532,896	22 .0	34 .0	9 .6	15 .9	6 .9
Machine Operators, Assemblers & Inspectors	703-799	2416	5,622,612	38 .5	33 .3	7 .8	15 .2	7 .3
Metal,

Plastic & Woodworking Machine Operators	703-733	177	550,056	20 .8	33 .3	6 .3	13 .3	7 .1
Textile Machine Operators	738-749	464	864,764	74 .8	33 .4	5 .4	10 .1	5 .6
Machine Operators, Misc.	753-779	852	1,951,167	27 .0	32 .5	6 .8	16 .1	8 .0
Welders & Assemblers	783-785	510	1,185,427	35 .5	34 .1	8 .5	15 .4	8 .4
Truck Drivers, Heavy	804	548	1,535,414	1 .4	36 .5	7 .2	16 .4	13 .3
Truck Drivers, Light	805-806	240	515,172	14 .7	35 .5	7 .4	18 .9	15 .1
Bus Drivers & Other Drivers	808-814	279	461,771	30 .4	36 .3	9 .2	13 .6	6 .7
Material Moving Operators	844-859	261	764,744	0 .9	33 .6	6 .1	12 .0	13 .8
Helpers & Laborers	864-873	448	745,331	3 .3	30 .2	13 .1	25 .8	19 .5
Construction Laborers	865, 869	422	706,437	3 .5	30 .3	12 .8	25 .4	19 .9
Stock Handlers & Packers	876-878, 888	307	528,172	42 .2	31 .2	9 .5	18 .9	10 .3
Other Laborers

889	436	1,004,910	24 .9	30 .7	12 .8	26 .8	12 .2

Note: The standard codes are derived from the U.S. Department of Labor standard classification system. Heavy alcohol use is defined as

drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 3.6 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Industry Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size	Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average

Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total

33,505	77,011,853	41 .4	34 .7	7 .3	15 .0	7 .1
Agricultural

010-020	341	1,011,827	24 .9	32 .9	3 .6	11 .8	5 .4
Horticultural

021	244	364,093	9 .9	29 .4	10 .3	25 .2	10 .8
Mining

040-050	123	501,375	5 .6	35 .6	9 .3	12 .9	*
Construction

060	2,273	5,304,081	7 .5	33 .8	12 .2	20 .6	13 .4
Manufacturing—

Nondurable

Goods	100-212	2,108	5,516,313	39 .4	33 .8	7 .2	15 .2	7 .0
Food Products

100-130	417	955,732	27 .8	33 .2	10 .3	18 .4	8 .3
Textile Products

132-150	224	573,520	47 .3	30 .8	3 .9	10 .2	6 .1
Apparel Products

151-152	433	728,136	76 .7	33 .9	6 .8	11 .5	3 .8
Paper Products	160-162	133	326,967	18 .9	34 .4	8 .0	12 .7	5 .3

Table 3.6 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Industry Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size	Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average

Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Printing & Publishing	171-172	547	1,241,659	42 .0	33 .5	11 .7	24 .6	7 .2
Chemical Products	180-192	360	1,298,534	28 .0	35 .6	3 .6	9 .6	9 .5
Rubber & Plastic Products

210-212	127	391,765	33 .8	32 .9	2 .5	11 .5	4 .1
Manufacturing—

Durable Goods
230-392	2,846	9,006,380	28 .6	35 .2	6 .7	14 .8	7 .7
Lumber & Wood Products	230-242	326	1,039,022	26 .4	34 .1	8 .9	15 .8	12 .0
Metal Industries	270-301	358	1,075,714	15 .4	34 .6	6 .8	21 .4	10 .0
Machinery, except Electrical	310-332	435	1,520,386	29 .3	36 .2	6 .7	12 .7	7 .3
Electrical Machinery	340-350	403	1,211,852	34 .7	35 .9	5 .6	10 .3	2 .7
Transportation Equipment	351-370	507	1,739,838	23 .5	35 .8	4 .8	13 .4	8 .2
Professional Equipment & Misc.

371-392	817	2,419,568	35 .7	34 .4	7 .7	16 .0	7 .3
Transportation,

Communications

& Public Utilities	400-472	2,556	5,970,370	25 .7	36 .3	5 .2	13 .2	7 .5
Transportation

400-432	1,633	3,649,480	24 .6	36 .4	4 .5	12 .6	7 .5
Trucking Services	410	467	1,203,640	15 .3	36 .2	4 .0	14 .3	7 .8
U.S. Postal Service	412	255	593,955	34 .3	37 .6	5 .9	10 .5	5 .3
Air Transportation	421	321	601,604	34 .7	35 .1	3 .2	11 .9	6 .6
Bus & Taxi

401-402	259	431,249	22 .5	36 .7	7 .7	13 .5	5 .6
Telephone

441	278	585,580	43 .2	36 .9	3 .4	10 .2	8 .1
Telegraph & Misc. Communications	442	203	368,785	42 .2	33 .9	12 .3	21 .9	5 .7
Utilities & Sanitary

460-472	442	1,366,525	16 .5	36 .6	6 .0	13 .9	7 .5
500-571	1,520	3,403,480	25 .4	34 .7	8 .0	15 .5	10 .3
Durable Goods

500-532	588	1,484,902	22 .5	34 .4	9 .4	16 .4	8 .4
Nondurable Goods

540-571	932	1,918,578	27 .6	34 .9	6 .9	14 .8	11 .8
Groceries

550	352	825,310	14 .7	34 .9	7 .7	21 .5	9 .8
Misc. Wholesale Trade

562-571	319	493,024	42 .1	33 .5	8 .3	12 .2	8 .2
Retail Trade	591-691	4,980	9,837,342	47 .1	31 .5	10 .8	19 .7	8 .8
Department Stores	591-600	347	698,137	68 .5	33 .2	5 .7	13 .1	3 .5
Grocery Stores

601-611	794	1,855,663	45 .5	32 .0	9 .3	17 .2	5 .8
Motor Vehicle Dealers	612	247	529,901	25 .9	33 .8	9 .3	17 .4	8 .7
Auto Supply & Gas Stations	620-622	250	524,200	23 .3	31 .1	11 .2	22 .2	13 .2
Apparel & Shoe Stores	630-631	258	407,436	71 .0	33 .7	3 .9	12 .3	1 .5
Furniture & Appliances	632-640	353	726,033	26 .3	31 .1	14 .4	20 .2	6 .2
Eating & Drinking Places	641	1,801	3,070,077	49 .6	30 .0	16 .3	28 .0	15 .4
Other Retail Stores

642-691	930	2,025,694	51 .4	32 .2	5 .9	12 .8	4 .7
Finance, Insurance

& Real Estate	700-712	2,464	4,801,621	57 .5	34 .6	5 .4	14 .6	4 .5
Banking and Savings & Loan	700-701	740	1,455,700	67 .0	33 .9	4 .0	13 .3	3 .5
Credit Agencies

702	232	406,594	66 .1	33 .5	6 .4	12 .3	3 .1
Security & Investment Companies	710	242	352,121	51 .4	31 .7	6 .6	16 .8	4 .9
Insurance

711	692	1,591,388	54 .5	35 .0	4 .5	12 .9	5 .1
Real Estate

712	558	995,818	46 .8	36 .5	7 .9	19 .3	5 .7
Business & Repair Services	722-742	2,481	4,586,556	28 .0	34 .3	11 .1	19 .8	9 .7
Services to Buildings	722	371	514,497	48 .9	34 .1	10 .4	14 .1	4 .9
Advertising, Business Management & Consulting	721, 732	286	652,057	45 .7	34 .6	13 .1	20 .1	4 .5
Computer & Data Processing	740	308	674,702	27 .1	35 .7	6 .1	13 .5	16 .2
Automotive Service & Repair	750-760	737	1,584,181	9 .2	34 .0	12 .0	21 .8	11 .4
Other Business & Repair Services

723-731, 733-739, 741-742

779	1,161,118	34 .9	33 .6	11 .9	23 .2	8 .6
Personal Services	761-791	1,251	2,277,289	63 .6	33 .8	10 .3	19 .3	5 .8
Private Household	761	192	253,894	82 .3	32 .4	4 .3	*	2 .8
Hotel & Motel

762	443	811,090	43 .2	34 .3	9 .3	17 .0	9 .6
Lodging Places

770	144	331,973	97 .8	33 .0	4 .8	9 .7	*
Barber & Beauty Shops	772-780	245	415,573	83 .0	35 .6	7 .3	17 .7	3 .2
Personal Services, Misc.	771, 781- 791	227	464,761	47 .3	32 .5	*	*	6 .2
Entertainment & Recreation

800-802	434	854,674	27 .2	33 .2	13 .7	24 .3	6 .7
Professional & Related Services
812-892	6,295	15,530,000	68 .6	36 .4	4 .2	11 .1	3 .1
Health Services

812-840	2,966	6,990,280	75 .0	35 .4	4 .5	11 .0	3 .0
Physicians, Dentists, Chiropractors, etc. Offices	812-830	296	771,206	85 .7	36 .3	1 .5	9 .1	0 .1
Hospitals

831	1,206	2,808,956	72 .4	35 .1	4 .2	8 .9	2 .1
Nursing Homes

832	395	802,093	89 .8	34 .8	7 .1	12 .7	4 .2
Other Health Services	840	1,069	2,608,025	70 .0	35 .6	5 .1	13 .3	4 .3
Legal Services

841	496	855,436	61 .9	34 .5	6 .0	14 .7	3 .0
Elementary & Secondary Schools	842	1,347	4,276,260	70 .7	38 .2	2 .2	8 .6	2 .7
Colleges & Universities	850	324	1,148,100	47 .8	39 .5	3 .6	7 .4	5 .7
Child Care Services	862	185	353,213	97 .2	33 .3	1 .3	9 .1	0 .9
Educational & Social Services	861, 870- 871	324	708,876	72 .3	36 .0	5 .6	12 .6	3 .7
Engineering & Architecture	882	181	533,624	27 .5	34 .7	7 .0	14 .8	3 .6
Accounting & Bookkeeping	890	211	447,972	38 .2	35 .2	*	*	2 .3
Education & Scientific Research	891	131	302,343	48 .8	34 .9	10 .2	*	*
Professional & Related Services, misc.

892	130	216,160	64 .6	35 .2	*	*	0 .6
Public Administration	901-932	1,982	3,717,717	37 .3	35 .8	3 .7	8 .8	7 .2
General Government	901	803	1,319,482	46 .6	36 .9	6 .5	12 .2	8 .6
Justice & Public Order	910	674	1,744,246	26 .7	34 .9	2 .2	5 .6	7 .2
Administration of Programs	922-931	289	653,990	47 .0	36 .0	1 .8	10 .0	4 .6
National Security

932	216	519,203	43 .6	38 .2	3 .4	8 .0	4 .4

Note: The standard codes are derived from the U.S. Department of Labor standard classification system. Heavy alcohol use is defined as

drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 3.7 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Occupation Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size	Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total

33,505	77,011,853	41 .4	34 .7	7 .3	15 .0	7 .1
Financial Managers

007, 025	385	925,500	51 .4	36 .0	4 .6	8 .7	7 .9
Accountants, Auditors, Underwriters, Actuaries & Bookkeepers	23-24, 66, 337	931	2,103,782	68 .5	35 .2	3 .8	9 .6	2 .6
Executive Managers

3-6, 8-19	2796	8,453,277	36 .5	37 .1	5 .6	13 .2	5 .9
Other Management Related Occupations	26-37	609	1,317,659	59 .6	35 .6	6 .8	11 .9	3 .3
Architects, Engineers & Engineering Technicians	43-63, 213- 218	879	2,846,001	10 .7	35 .7	4 .9	12 .4	7 .2

Table 3.7 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Occupation Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size	Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Physicians, Dentists, Optometrists, Podiatrists, Physicians' Assistants, Dieticians, Pharmacists, Dental Hygienists, Radiological Technicians & Therapists	84-85, 87- 89, 97-106, 204, 206	344	988,991	48 .7	36 .8	4 .0	6 .1	3 .3
Clinical Laboratory & Technologists, Health Record Technologists & Technicians	203, 205, 208	274	667,370	73 .2	32 .7	3 .9	8 .6	2 .0
Nurses

95, 207	563	1,509,723	95 .2	36 .3	3 .6	11 .4	1 .7
Nurses Aides, Dental Assistants & Health Aides	445-447	782	1,316,378	87 .1	33 .7	6 .8	13 .5	4 .0
Scientists, Science Technicians & Social Scientists	67-83, 96, 166, 168- 169, 173, 223-225	292	905,664	35 .2	35 .8	5 .1	11 .9	*
Teachers, Librarians & Teachers' Aides	113-159, 164, 387	1230	4,065,350	67 .6	38 .2	2 .2	9 .0	2 .3
Social Workers & Psychologists	167, 174	251	557,673	59 .1	36 .3	7 .0	19 .2	*
Lawyers, Judges & Legal Assistants	178-179, 234	351	751,614	45 .6	35 .1	7 .2	19 .2	6 .7
Computer Analysts & Programmers	64-65, 229	447	943,327	43 .9	36 .7	*	10 .7	2 .4
Writers, Artists, Photographers, Entertainers, Athletes, Designers	183, 185- 194, 198- 199	424	812,565	36 .1	34 .0	15 .7	24 .4	4 .7
Other Professionals & Technicians	163, 165, 175-177, 184, 195, 197, 226- 227, 233, 235, 308- 309	706	1,590,180	41 .6	35 .1	6 .0	16 .0	6 .0
Sales occupations

243-274, 277-285	2705	6,338,112	35 .7	34 .4	7 .7	15 .5	5 .7
Sales Clerks & Cashiers	275-276	653	1,107,919	79 .2	29 .4	8 .1	16 .2	5 .3
Supervisors, Administrative Support	303-307, 389	517	1,222,757	69 .5	35 .8	4 .2	14 .5	5 .4
Secretaries, Typists, Stenographers	313-315	1331	2,150,965	99 .1	34 .9	5 .4	10 .3	1 .4
Records Processing Clerks	325-336, 338-344, 384-386	402	679,237	79 .1	33 .3	2 .5	8 .7	2 .1
Duplicating, Mail Clerks & Dispatchers	345-374	1007	1,837,247	42 .0	33 .7	7 .0	16 .4	8 .7
Information Clerks & General Office Clerks	316-323, 379	729	1,130,984	91 .4	32 .1	5 .2	16 .0	4 .9
Adjusters & Investigators	375-378	524	1,092,347	67 .0	32 .7	8 .3	16 .8	4 .1
Police, Detectives, Sheriffs, Correctional Officers, Fire Fighters & Guards	413-427	775	1,642,642	10 .6	33 .7	3 .2	7 .6	9 .4
Food Preparation, Waiters, Waitresses & Bartenders	433-444	1421	2,482,376	55 .0	30 .2	16 .5	28 .3	14 .7
Cleaning & Building Services	407, 448- 453	960	1,349,796	50 .5	34 .8	11 .5	17 .9	7 .9
Child Care Workers

406, 468	327	613,296	96 .4	31 .4	2 .6	8 .0	2 .6
Miscellaneous Personal Services	403-405, 454-467, 469	471	823,742	64 .6	35 .0	7 .7	21 .1	3 .7
Farming, Fishing & Forestry	473-499	615	1,498,255	12 .4	32 .1	8 .0	14 .9	10 .1
Mechanics & Vehicle Repairers	503-519	760	2,069,524	1 .9	35 .0	8 .8	16 .3	14 .4
Electrical & Electronic Repairers, Other Mechanics & Repairers	523-549	421	1,109,816	4 .4	35 .8	9 .1	16 .3	8 .1
Construction Trades

553-599	1498	3,493,144	2 .9	33 .7	14 .4	21 .9	14 .0
Precision Production Occupations	633-699	1041	3,114,753	19 .2	34 .8	8 .1	16 .5	7 .6
Machine Operators

703-779	1653	3,728,894	36 .7	32 .8	7 .5	15 .4	7 .1
Fabricators, Assemblers & Hand Working Occupations	783-799	763	1,893,718	41 .9	34 .1	8 .3	14 .7	7 .7
Truck Drivers

804-806	788	2,050,586	4 .8	36 .2	7 .2	17 .0	13 .7
Other Transportation Drivers (803,808-859)	803, 808- 859	590	1,415,456	11 .2	35 .4	7 .1	11 .8	10 .9
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, Laborers & Extractive Occupations	613-617, 863-889	1559	3,117,913	17 .9	31 .3	11 .4	22 .5	14 .7
Occupation Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified

896-999	731	1,293,321	51 .4	33 .1	7 .2	15 .9	4 .0

Note: The standard codes are derived from the U.S. Department of Labor standard classification system. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 3.8 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Industry Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total

33,505	77,011,853	41 .4	34 .7	7 .3	15 .0	7 .1
Agricultural Products, Horticulture & Mining	010-050	750	2,033,301	16 .7	33 .0	7 .0	14 .7	9 .6
Construction

060	2,273	5,304,081	7 .5	33 .7	12 .2	20 .6	13 .4
Manufacturing—

Nondurable Goods
100-222	2,340	5,834,234	38 .6	33 .9	6 .9	14 .6	6 .9
Food Products

100-130	417	955,732	27 .8	33 .2	10 .3	18 .4	8 .3
Textile Mill Products

132-152	657	1,301,656	63 .7	32 .7	5 .5	10 .9	4 .8
Paper & Allied Products, Publishing & Printing

160-172	680	1,568,627	37 .2	33 .7	10 .9	22 .1	6 .8

Table 3.8 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Industry Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Chemical & Allied Products, Petroleum, Coal, Rubber & Misc.

180-222	586	2,008,220	28 .4	35 .2	3 .1	9 .4	7 .6
Manufacturing—

Durable Goods	230-392	2,940	9,234,469	28 .5	35 .2	6 .7	14 .7	7 .7
Lumber, Stone, Glass & Concrete	230-262	420	1,267,111	26 .0	34 .6	8 .0	14 .6	11 .3
Metal Industries

270-301	358	1,075,714	15 .4	34 .6	6 .8	21 .4	10 .0
Machinery, except Electrical	310-332	435	1,520,386	29 .3	36 .2	6 .7	12 .7	7 .3
Electrical Machinery Equipment & Supplies	340-350	403	1,211,852	34 .7	35 .9	5 .6	10 .3	2 .7
Transportation Equipment	351-370	507	1,739,838	23 .5	35 .8	4 .8	13 .4	8 .2
Professional Photographic Equipment, Watches & Misc.

371-392	817	2,419,568	35 .7	34 .4	7 .7	16 .0	7 .3
Transportation, Communications & Public Utilities
400-472	2,633	6,127,293	26 .0	36 .2	5 .7	13 .6	7 .3
Transportation

400-432	1,633	3,649,480	24 .7	36 .4	4 .5	12 .6	7 .5
Trucking Services

410	467	1,203,640	15 .3	36 .2	4 .0	14 .3	7 .8
Air Transportation

421	321	601,604	34 .7	35 .1	3 .2	11 .9	6 .6
Telephone, Telegraph, Radio, Television

440-442	558	1,111,288	41 .8	35 .1	9 .0	16 .8	6 .5
Utilities & Sanitary

460-472	442	1,366,525	16 .5	36 .6	6 .0	13 .9	7 .5
Wholesale Trade	500-571	1,520	3,403,480	25 .4	34 .7	8 .0	15 .5	10 .3
Durable Goods

500-532	588	1,484,902	22 .5	34 .4	9 .4	16 .4	8 .4
Nondurable Goods

540-571	932	1,918,578	27 .6	34 .9	6 .9	14 .8	11 .8
Groceries

550	352	825,310	14 .7	34 .9	7 .7	21 .5	9 .8
Misc. Wholesale Trade

540-542, 551-571	580	1,093,267	37 .4	34 .8	6 .3	9 .7	13 .3
Retail Trade	580-691	5,187	10,413,990	45 .5	31 .6	10 .8	19 .7	8 .8
Department & Apparel Stores	591-600, 630-631	605	1,105,573	69 .4	33 .3	5 .0	12 .8	2 .8
Grocery/Food Stores	601-611	794	1,855,663	45 .5	32 .0	9 .3	17 .2	5 .8
Motor Vehicle Dealers, Auto & Home Supply, Service Stations	612-622	497	1,054,302	24 .6	32 .4	10 .2	19 .8	11 .0
Furniture & Household Appliances	632-640	353	726,033	26 .3	31 .1	14 .4	20 .2	6 .2
Eating & Drinking Places, Drug Stores	641-642	1,923	3,321,536	50 .2	30 .2	15 .5	26 .8	14 .4
Misc. Retail	650-691, 580-590	1,015	2,350,884	43 .0	32 .3	7 .3	14 .7	6 .0
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate

700-712

2,464

4,801,621

57 .4

34 .6

5 .4

14 .6

4 .5
Banking and Savings & Loan	700-701	740	1,455,700	67 .0	33 .9	4 .0	13 .3	3 .5
Credit Agencies, Security & Brokerage	702-710	474	758,715	59 .3	32 .6	6 .5	14 .4	3 .9
Insurance

711	692	1,591,388	54 .5	35 .0	4 .5	12 .9	5 .1
Real Estate	712	558	995,818	46 .8	36 .5	7 .9	19 .3	5 .7
Business & Repair Services	721-760	2,481	4,586,556	28 .0	34 .3	11 .1	19 .8	9 .7
Business Management & Consulting, Advertising, Personnel, Computer & Data Processing	721, 731- 732, 740	691	1,448,475	37 .9	35 .2	9 .2	18 .2	10 .4
Services to Buildings

722	371	514,497	48 .9	34 .1	10 .4	14 .1	4 .9
Other Business Service Not Elsewhere Classified	730, 741- 742	682	1,039,403	32 .5	33 .5	12 .6	21 .8	8 .5
Automotive, Electrical & Misc. Repair Services

750-760	737	1,584,181	9 .2	34 .0	12 .0	21 .8	11 .4
Personal Services	762-791	1,251	2,277,289	63 .6	33 .8	10 .3	19 .3	5 .8
Hotel & Motel

762, 770	587	1,143,062	59 .1	34 .0	8 .0	14 .9	7 .2
Other Personal Services

761, 771- 791	664	1,134,227	68 .2	33 .6	12 .5	23 .8	4 .3
Entertainment & Recreation

800-802	434	854,674	27 .2	33 .2	13 .7	24 .3	6 .7
Professional & Related Services
812-892	6,665	16,877,039	67 .4	36 .4	4 .2	10 .4	3 .2
Offices of Health Professionals

812-830	296	771,206	85 .7	36 .3	1 .5	9 .1	0 .2
Hospitals

831	1,206	2,808,956	72 .4	35 .1	4 .2	8 .9	2 .1
Nursing Homes & Personal Care Facilities	832, 870	471	994,834	72 .4	34 .8	6 .2	12 .7	3 .4
Other Health Services	840	1,069	2,608,025	70 .0	35 .6	5 .1	13 .3	4 .3
Legal Services

841	496	855,436	61 .9	34 .5	6 .0	14 .7	3 .0
Elementary & Secondary Schools	842	1,347	4,276,260	70 .7	38 .2	2 .2	8 .6	2 .7
Colleges, Universities, Business Schools, Job Training & Vocational Rehabilitation	850-851, 860-861	464	1,557,654	50 .2	39 .1	3 .5	8 .0	5 .3
Child Care & Social Services	862, 871	410	824,378	85 .3	34 .8	6 .3	11 .6	3 .3
Professional & Related Services

852, 872- 882, 890- 892	906	2,180,289	43 .6	35 .4	6 .3	11 .4	3 .8
Public Administration

900-932	2,096	4,432,393	39 .2	36 .1	3 .5	8 .5	6 .8
Executive & General Government	900-901	835	1,319,482	46 .5	36 .9	6 .4	12 .1	8 .5
Justice & Public Order	910	674	1,744,246	26 .7	34 .9	2 .2	5 .6	7 .2
Other Government

921-932	587	1,344,123	48 .0	37 .0	2 .4	8 .6	4 .4
Industry Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified

942-999	470	824,780	31 .9	35 .1	6 .2	15 .8	3 .6

Note: The standard codes are derived from the U.S. Department of Labor standard classification system. Heavy alcohol use is defined as

drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 3.9 Estimated Number of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Estimated Number of Users

Occupation Category	Unweighted Sample Size	Estimated Population Size	Current Illicit

Drug Use	Past Year Illicit

Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol

Use
Total	33,505	77,011,853	5,587,072	11,536,381	5,454,444
Financial Managers

(007,025)	385	925,500	42,176	80,364	73,365
Accountants, Auditors, Underwriters, Actuaries & Bookkeepers

(23-24,66,337)	931	2,103,782	79,729	202,795	53,819
Executive Managers

(3-6,8-19)	2796	8,453,277	473,523	1,116,687	497,929
Other Management Related Occupations

(26-37)	609	1,317,659	89,584	156,888	43,851
Architects, Engineers & Engineering Technicians

(43-63,213-218)	879	2,846,001	138,891	352,293	204,915
Physicians, Dentists, Optometrists, Podiatrists, Physicians' Assistants, Dieticians, Pharmacists, Dental Hygienists, Radiological Technicians & Therapists (84-85,87- 89,97-106,204,206)	344	988,991	39,845	59,993	33,100
Table 3.9 (continued) Estimated Number of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Estimated Number of Users

Occupation Category	Unweighted Sample Size	Estimated Population Size	Current Illicit

Drug Use	Past Year Illicit

Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol

Use
Clinical Laboratory & Technologists, Health Record Technologists & Technicians (203,205,208)	274	667,370	26,205	57,614	13,163
Nurses

(95,207)	563	1,509,723	55,029	172,593	25,280
Nurses Aides, Dental Assistants & Health Aides

(445-447)	782	1,316,378	89,170	178,247	52,425
Scientists, Science Technicians & Social Scientists

(67-83,96,166,168- 169,173,223-225)	292	905,664	46,468	107,879	53,988
Teachers, Librarians & Teachers' Aides

(113-159,164,387)	1230	4,065,350	90,066	366,695	93,245
Social Workers & Psychologists

(167,174)	251	557,673	39,228	106,964	*
Lawyers, Judges & Legal Assistants

(178-179)	351	751,614	*	144,619	50,420
Computer Analysts & Programmers

(64-65,229)	447	943,327	66,624	101,303	22,670
Writers, Artists, Photographers, Entertainers, Athletes, Designers

(183,185-194,198-199)	424	812,565	127,184	198,304	38,372
Other Professionals & Technicians

(163,165,175- 177,184,195,197,226- 227,233,235,308-309)	706	1,590,180	95,483	254,591	96,097
Sales occupations

(243-274,277-285)	2705	6,338,112	489,583	982,692	360,081
Sales Clerks & Cashiers

(275-276)	653	1,107,919	89,735	179,179	58,189
Supervisors, Administrative Support

(303-307)	517	1,222,757	51,587	177,366	66,373
Secretaries, Typists, Stenographers

(313-315)	1331	2,150,965	115,548	221,958	29,638
Records Processing Clerks

(325-336,338-344,384- 386)	402	679,237	16,883	58,800	14,416
Duplicating, Mail Clerks & Dispatchers

(345-374)	1007	1,837,247	129,302	302,096	159,436
Information Clerks & General Office Clerks

(316-323,379)	729	1,130,984	58,970	181,517	55,176
Adjusters & Investigators

(375-378)	524	1,092,347	90,489	183,308	44,767
Police, Detectives, Sheriffs, Correctional Officers, Fire Fighters & Guards

(413-427)	775	1,642,642	55,102	124,705	153,892
Food Preparation, Waiters, Waitresses & Bartenders

(433-444)	1421	2,482,376	408,886	701,675	365,125
Cleaning & Building Services

(407,448-453)	960	1,349,796	155,385	242,060	107,173
Child Care Workers

(406,468)	327	613,296	15,728	48,956	15,650
Miscellaneous Personal Services

(403-405,454-467,469)	471	823,742	63,082	173,765	30,070
Farming, Fishing & Forestry

(473-499)	615	1,498,255	120,070	223,648	150,592
Mechanics & Vehicle Repairers

(503-519)	760	2,069,524	183,110	336,740	297,266
Electrical & Electronic Repairers, Other Mechanics & Repairers

(523-549)	421	1,109,816	101,520	181,140	89,851
Construction Trades

(553-599)	1498	3,493,144	503,029	765,706	489,976
Precision Production Occupations

(633-699)	1041	3,114,753	250,809	514,904	235,887
Machine Operators

(703-779)	1653	3,728,894	279,842	575,089	264,002
Fabricators, Assemblers & Hand Working Occupations

(783-799)	763	1,893,718	157,044	278,967	145,391
Truck Drivers

(804-806)	788	2,050,586	148,185	348,963	281,569
Other Transportation Drivers

(803,808-859)	590	1,415,456	100,358	167,319	154,634
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, Laborers & Extractive Occupations

(613-617,863-889)	1559	3,117,913	356,549	702,040	458,022
Occupation Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified

(896-999)	731	1,293,321	48,745	113,791	33,522

Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.7 for percentage of users, percent female, and average age of workers in each category. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 3.10 Estimated Number of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Estimated Number of Users

Industry Category	Unweighted Sample Size	Estimated

Population Size	Current Illicit

Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol

Use
Total	33,505	77,011,853	5,587,072	11,536,381	5,454,443
Agricultural Products, Horticulture & Mining

(010-050)	750	2,033,301	141,675	298,558	195,912
Construction

(060)	2,273	5,304,081	645,616	1,094,806	708,882

2,340	5,834,234	403,563	853,608	400,312
Food Products

(100-130)	417	955,732	98,403	176,324	79,024
Textile Mill Products

(132-152)	657	1,301,656	72,098	142,305	62,452
Paper & Allied Products, Publishing & Printing

(160-172)	680	1,568,627	171,472	346,804	106,184
Chemical & Allied Products, Petroleum, Coal, Rubber & Misc.

(180-222)	586	2,008,220	61,589	188,174	152,651

Table 3.10 (continued) Estimated Number of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Estimated Number of Users

Industry Category	Unweighted Sample Size	Estimated

Population Size	Current Illicit

Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol

Use

2,940	9,234,469	615,187	1,352,925	710,773
Lumber, Stone, Glass & Concrete

(230-262)	420	1,267,111	101,238	185,346	142,865
Metal Industries

(270-301)	358	1,075,714	73,315	229,805	107,089
Machinery, except Electrical

(310-332)	435	1,520,386	101,721	193,282	110,514
Electrical Machinery Equipment & Supplies

(340-350)	403	1,211,852	67,938	124,795	32,300
Transportation Equipment

(351-370)	507	1,739,838	83,692	233,617	142,418
Professional Photographic Equipment, Watches & Misc. (371-392)

817	2,419,568	187,283	386,080	175,588

2,633	6,127,293	346,726	834,437	449,730
Transportation

(400-432)	1,633	3,649,480	164,604	458,517	275,294
Trucking Services

(410)	467	1,203,640	47,786	171,968	94,373
Air Transportation

(421)	321	601,604	19,233	71,386	39,679
Telephone, Telegraph, Radio, Television

(440-442)	558	1,111,288	99,832	186,313	72,110
Utilities & Sanitary

(460-472)

442	1,366,525	82,290	189,607	102,327

1,520	3,403,480	272,798	527,615	351,057
Durable Goods

(500-532)	588	1,484,902	140,232	243,675	125,353
Nondurable Goods

(540-571)	932	1,918,578	132,567	283,940	225,704
Groceries

(550)	352	825,310	63,347	177,662	80,838
Misc. Wholesale Trade

(540-542,551-571)

580	1,093,267	69,219	106,278	144,866
Retail Trade

(580-691)	5,187	10,413,990	1,127,474	2,053,033	918,737
Department & Apparel Stores

(591-600,630-631)	605	1,105,573	55,666	141,708	30,434
Grocery/Food Stores

(601-611)	794	1,855,663	172,943	319,912	106,877
Motor Vehicle Dealers, Auto & Home Supply, Service Stations

(612-622)	497	1,054,302	107,943	208,424	115,452
Furniture & Household Appliances

(632-640)	353	726,033	104,418	146,626	45,193
Eating & Drinking Places, Drug Stores

(641-642)	1,923	3,321,536	515,413	891,279	478,656
Misc. Retail

(650-691,580-590)	1,015	2,350,884	171,404	345,086	142,126
Finance, Insurance

& Real Estate

(700-712)	2,464	4,801,621	257,778	699,576	217,080
Banking and Savings & Loan

(700-701)	740	1,455,700	58,883	193,117	50,260
Credit Agencies, Security & Brokerage

(702-710)	474	758,715	49,254	109,323	29,736
Insurance

(711)	692	1,591,388	70,844	204,823	80,720
Real Estate

(712)

558	995,818	78,856	192,313	56,364
Business & Repair Services

(721-760)	2,481	4,586,556	508,253	909,309	444,532
Business Management & Consulting, Advertising, Personnel, Computer & Data Processing

(721,731-732,740)	691	1,448,475	133,816	264,320	150,245
Services to Buildings

(722)	371	514,497	53,367	72,360	25,314
Other Business Service Not Elsewhere Classified

(730,741-742)	682	1,039,403	131,191	227,068	88,310
Automotive, Electrical & Misc. Repair Services

(750-760)

737	1,584,181	189,879	345,562	180,662
Personal Services

(762-791)	1,251	2,277,289	233,625	439,775	130,994
Hotel & Motel

(762,770)	587	1,143,062	91,805	169,821	81,908
Other Personal Services

(761,771-791)	664	1,134,227	141,819	269,953	49,086
Entertainment & Recreation

(800-802)

434	854,674	117,147	207,605	56,836
Professional & Related Services (812-892)	6,665	16,877,039	708,758	1,757,737	54,058
Offices of Health Professionals

(812-830)	296	771,206	11,587	70,174	1,526
Hospitals

(831)	1,206	2,808,956	116,827	250,589	59,863
Nursing Homes & Personal Care Facilities

(832,870)	471	994,834	61,707	126,799	33,688
Other Health Services

(840)	1,069	2,608,025	132,341	347,430	112,255
Legal Services

(841)	496	855,436	51,349	125,994	25,827
Elementary & Secondary Schools

(842)	1,347	4,276,260	92,624	366,737	115,849
Colleges, Universities, Business Schools, Job Training & Vocational Rehabilitation

(850-851,860-861)	464	1,557,654	53,789	125,070	82,022
Child Care & Social Services

(862,871)	410	824,378	51,555	95,845	26,845
Professional & Related Services

(852,872-882,890-892)

906	2,180,289	136,978	249,099	82,633
Public Administration

(900-932)	2,096	4,432,393	157,296	377,271	299,788
Executive & General Government

(900-901)	835	1,319,482	86,352	163,190	114,755
Justice & Public Order

(910)	674	1,744,246	38,834	98,508	125,662
Other Government

(921-932)	587	1,344,123	32,110	115,573	59,370
Industry Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified

(942-999)

470	824,780	51,173	130,127	29,303

Note: Standard industry codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.8 for percentage of users, percent female, and average age of workers in each category. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Chapter 4 Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Use, by Occupation, Industry,

Gender, and Marital Status

This chapter provides the rates of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use among full-time workers, ages 18- 49, by gender and marital status. As shown in tables 3.7 and 3.8, there is substantial variation in the gender distribution across occupation and industry categories. Therefore, the illicit drug and heavy alcohol use patterns across categories may also differ by gender. One hypothesis that may be examined with data from this chapter is that both male and female workers in occupations that are overwhelmingly male are more likely to use illicit drugs and be heavy alcohol users. A second hypothesis that might be explored with these data is that married workers are less likely than unmarried workers to use illicit drugs and be heavy alcohol users.

4.1 Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Use by Gender

Tables 4.1 and 4.2 provide the rates of current and past year illicit drug use, and heavy alcohol use, for men and women in each occupation and industry category (using the revised classification). Since the distribution of workers by gender differs by occupation and industry, and males tend to report higher levels of drug and heavy alcohol use, it is important to examine the prevalence of use in occupation and industry categories separately for men and women.

Unfortunately, once occupations and industries were broken out by gender, many of the estimates, especially those for current illicit drug use, demonstrated low precision and were suppressed. Therefore, the following description focuses on past year illicit drug use.

Among males, the occupations with the highest rates of illicit drug use included Writers, Artists, Entertainers, and Athletes; Food Preparation and Servers; Cleaning Services; Construction workers; and Handlers and Helpers. Moreover, in each of these categories, males had a significantly higher rate of past year illicit drug use than females. Among women, the occupations with the highest rates of illicit drug use were Food Preparation and Servers; Social Workers and Psychologists; the legal professions, including Lawyers and Legal Assistants; and Handlers and Helpers. However, women in these categories were not more likely to report illicit drug use than their male counterparts.

The industry categories in which male workers had the highest rates of past year illicit drug use were Paper and Allied Products; Eating and Drinking Places; and Entertainment and Recreation. The corresponding industry categories for female workers included Telephone, Radio, and Television; Eating and Drinking Places; Real Estate; Business Management; and Other Personal Services. However, the only significant gender difference was reported among workers from Eating and Drinking Places: males reported significantly higher current and past year illicit drug use, and heavy alcohol use than females.

4.2 Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Use by Marital Status

In general, married people report less drug use than those who are not married. Tables 4.3 and 4.4 investigate this association among full-time workers, ages 18-49, by occupation and industry. Since workers in the NHSDA who are not married tend to be younger, a statistical procedure known as direct age standardization was conducted so that the categories have a similar age distribution (see Appendix B).

The estimates shown in Tables 4.3 and 4.4 confirm the association between drug use and marital status: overall workers who were married were less likely to report illicit drug and heavy alcohol use than workers who were not married. In most of the occupations, the magnitude of difference tended to be about two to one. Among those not married, workers in the following categories had the highest rates of current illicit drug use: Food Preparation and Servers, Construction Trades, Handlers and Helpers, Transportation Drivers, and Mechanics. Among those who were married, workers in Construction Trades and Cleaning and Building Services had the highest rates of current illicit drug use.

Rates of heavy alcohol use among unmarried workers were highest among Truck Drivers, Handlers and Helpers, and Mechanics. Among married workers, reported heavy alcohol use was highest among Transportation Drivers, Construction Trades, and Public Safety occupations such as Police, Correctional Officers, and Fire Fighters.

The industry estimates also show that marital status and illicit drug and heavy alcohol use are associated, even within industry categories. Unmarried workers in the following industries had the highest rates of current illicit drug use: Construction, Eating and Drinking Places, and Machinery (except electrical). In each category, use was significantly higher among unmarried workers.

Table 4.1 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Occupation Categories and Gender 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Occupation Category	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Total	8 .9	5 .0	17 .2	11 .9	10 .4	2 .5
Financial Managers (007,025)	2 .1	6 .8	7 .6	9 .8	*	2 .6
Accountants, Auditors, Underwriters, Actuaries & Bookkeepers

(23-24,66,337)	4 .0	3 .7	8 .6	10 .1	4 .7	1 .6
Executive Managers

(3-6,8-19)	6 .3	4 .3	15 .0	10 .1	8 .1	2 .0
Other Management- Related Occupations

(26-37)	6 .2	7 .2	12 .1	11 .8	4 .6	2 .5
Architects, Engineers & Engineering Technicians (43-63,213-218)	4 .6	7 .6	12 .1	*	7 .4	*
Physicians, Dentists, Optometrists, Podiatrists, Physicians' Assistants, Dieticians, Pharmacists, Dental Hygienists, Radiological Technicians & Therapists (84-85,87- 89,97-106,204,206)	4 .5	3 .6	6 .4	5 .7	*	1 .7

Table 4.1 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories and Gender, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Occupation Category	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Clinical Laboratory & Technologists, Health Record Technologists & Technicians (203,205,208)	*	5 .0	*	9 .7	*	1 .1
Nurses

(95,207)	*	3 .4	*	11 .1	*	0 .9
Nurses Aides, Dental Assistants & Health Aides

(445-447)	*	6 .3	*	12 .4	*	4 .1
Scientists, Science Technicians & Social Scientists

(67-83,96,166,168- 169,173,223-225)	*	*	9 .4	*	*	*
Teachers, Librarians & Teachers' Aides

(113-159,164,387)	*	2 .0	12 .4	7 .4	4 .5	1 .2
Social Workers & Psychologists

(167,174)	6 .7	*	*	16 .5	*	*
Lawyers, Judges & Legal Assistants

(178-179,234)	*	5 .6	*	16 .6	*	3 .0
Computer Analysts & Programmers

(64-65,229)	*	*	*	*	4 .1	0 .2
Writers, Artists, Photographers, Entertainers, Athletes, Designers

(183,185-194,198-199)	19 .5	8 .7	30 .6	13 .4	6 .2	2 .0
Other Professionals & Technicians (163,165,175- 177,184,195,197,226- 227,233,235,308-309	7 .1	4 .5	18 .5	12 .5	7 .7	3 .8
Sales Occupations

(243-274,277,285)	9 .0	5 .5	16 .5	13 .7	7 .6	2 .2
Sales Clerks & Cashiers (275-276)	*	5 .7	*	14 .4	5 .5	5 .2
Supervisors, Administrative Support (303-307,389)	*	3 .5	12 .8	15 .2	*	2 .0
Secretaries, Typists, Stenographers

(313-315)	*	5 .2	*	10 .2	*	1 .3
Records Processing Clerks

(325-336,338-344,384- 386)	*	2 .5	4 .7	9 .7	1 .1	2 .4
Duplicating, Mail Clerks & Dispatchers

(345-374)	9 .3	4 .0	16 .8	16 .0	13 .3	2 .3
Information Clerks & General Office Clerks (316-323,379)	*	4 .4	*	14 .9	9 .4	4 .5
Adjusters & Investigators

(375-378)	*	4 .9	*	13 .9	9 .5	1 .4
Police, Detectives, Sheriffs, Correctional Officers, Fire Fighters & Guards

(413-427)	3 .6	1 .3	7 .4	*	10 .3	1 .4
Food Preparation, Waiters, Waitresses & Bartenders

(433-444)	23 .5	10 .8	38 .4	20 .0	23 .4	7 .6
Cleaning & Building Services

(407,448-453)	17 .2	5 .9	26 .5	9 .6	11 .9	4 .1
Child Care Workers (406,468)	*	2 .5	*	7 .9	*	1 .3
Miscellaneous Personal Services

(403-405,454-467,469)	9 .7	6 .5	*	14 .0	5 .6	2 .6
Farming, Fishing & Forestry

(473-499)	8 .9	1 .9	15 .6	*	11 .3	*
Mechanics & Vehicle Repairers

(503-519)	9 .0	*	16 .4	*	14 .6	*
Electrical & Electronic Repairers, Other Mechanics & Repairers (523-549)	9 .4	*	16 .6	*	8 .5	*
Construction Trades (553-599)	14 .0	*	21 .7	*	14 .4	*
Precision Production Occupations

(633-699)	9 .3	2 .9	18 .7	7 .4	9 .2	*
Machine Operators

(703-779)	9 .8	3 .6	19 .7	8 .0	9 .5	2 .9
Fabricators, Assemblers & Hand Working Occupations

(783-799)	10 .0	*	18 .2	10 .0	12 .4	1 .1
Truck Drivers

(804-806)	6 .7	*	17 .0	*	14 .3	*
Other Transportation Drivers

(803,808-859)	7 .3	*	11 .7	*	12 .1	*
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, Laborers & Extractive Occupations

(613-617,863-889)	12 .4	6 .9	22 .4	23 .1	17 .1	3 .7
Occupation Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified (896-999)

6 .5	8 .1	14 .3	16 .9	4 .9	3 .2

Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.7 sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age of workers associated with each category. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 4.2 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Industry Categories and Gender, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Industry Category	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Total	8.9	5 .0	17 .2	11 .9	10 .4	2 .5
Agricultural Products, Horticulture & Mining

(010-050)	7.8	2 .6	14 .2	*	11 .1	*
Construction

(060)	12.2	11 .5	21 .2	13 .6	14 .0	5 .2
Manufacturing—Nondurable Goods

(100-222)	8.2	4 .9	17 .0	10 .9	9 .7	2 .4
Food Products

(100-130)	12.3	5 .0	19 .9	14 .8	10 .9	*
Textile Mill Products

(132-152)	9.6	3 .2	17 .7	7 .1	10 .7	1 .4
Paper & Allied Products, Publishing & Printing

(160-172)	13.8	6 .0	25 .6	16 .1	8 .3	4 .1
Chemical & Allied Products, Petroleum, Coal, Rubber & Misc. (180-222)	1.9	6 .1	9 .4	9 .4	9 .7	2 .3

Table 4.2 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use,

by Revised Industry Categories and Gender, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Industry Category	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Manufacturing—Durable Goods

(230-392)	7.8	3 .8	16 .4	10 .2	10 .1	1 .6
Lumber, Stone, Glass & Concrete (230-262)	9.4	4 .1	17 .1	7 .7	13 .9	*
Metal Industries

(270-301)	7.3	*	21 .3	*	11 .4	*
Machinery, except Electrical (310-332)	8.6	2 .1	14 .9	7 .4	9 .2	*
Electrical Machinery Equipment & Supplies

(340-350)	6.1	4 .7	11 .6	7 .8	4 .1	*
Transportation Equipment

(351-370)	5.8	1 .7	14 .6	9 .6	10 .7	*
Professional Photographic Equipment, Watches & Misc. (371-392)

9.2	5 .0	18 .2	11 .9	10 .4	1 .6
Transportation, Communications & Public Utilities (400-472)	5.8	5 .2	13 .6	13 .5	9 .2	2 .1
Transportation

(400-432)

4.5	4 .4	12 .7	12 .2	9 .6	1 .3
Trucking Services (410)	4.2	2 .8	16 .2	3 .8	9 .1	*
Air Transportation

(421)	4.2	*	15 .4	5 .2	9 .7	0 .8
Telephone, Telegraph, Radio, Television

(440-442)	9.0	*	14 .9	19 .4	8 .9	3 .1
Utilities & Sanitary

(460-472)	7.1	*	15 .3	*	8 .4	2 .8
Wholesale Trade

(500-571)	8.7	5 .9	16 .4	13 .0	12 .6	3 .6
Durable Goods

(500-532)	10.4	6 .0	17 .7	11 .8	8 .6	*
Nondurable Goods

(540-571)	7.3	5 .9	15 .2	13 .7	15 .9	1 .0
Groceries

(550)	8.0	*	21 .7	*	11 .5	*
Misc. Wholesale Trade

(540-542,551-571)	6.6	5 .8	8 .5	11 .8	20 .4	1 .3
Retail Trade

(580-691)	13.5	7 .6	22 .4	16 .5	12 .6	4 .3
Department & Apparel Stores (591-600,630-631)

6.0	4 .6	10 .3	13 .9	4 .1	2 .2
Grocery/Food Stores

(601-611)	9.9	8 .6	17 .6	16 .8	9 .1	1 .7
Motor Vehicle Dealers, Auto & Home Supply, Service Stations (612-622)	12.1	4 .5	19 .5	*	11 .7	*
Furniture & Household Appliances

(632-640)	13.9	*	19 .2	*	8 .2	0 .6
Eating & Drinking Places, Drug Stores

(641-642)	20.4	10 .7	33 .9	19 .8	20 .9	8 .0
Misc. Retail

(650-691,580-590)	10.3	3 .3	17 .7	10 .6	9 .5	1 .4
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate

(700-712)	6.6	4 .4	16 .4	13 .2	6 .9	2 .7
Banking and Savings & Loan (700-701)	4.1	4 .0	*	12 .1	*	2 .2
Credit Agencies, Security & Brokerage

(702-710)	12.1	2 .6	19 .0	11 .3	8 .5	0 .8
Insurance

(711)	5.3	3 .7	14 .5	11 .5	6 .5	3 .9
Real Estate

(712)	7.5	8 .4	18 .0	20 .8	7 .5	*
Business & Repair Services

(721-760)	12.5	7 .4	21 .3	16 .1	12 .3	3 .1
Business Management & Consulting, Advertising, Personnel, Computer & Data Processing

(721,731-732,740)	9.6	8 .6	17 .4	19 .6	13 .0	6 .1
Services to Buildings

(722)	*	5 .9	*	7 .8	8 .7	*
Other Business Service Not Elsewhere Classified

(730,741-742)	15.4	6 .9	24 .8	15 .7	12 .2	0 .9
Automotive, Electrical & Misc. Repair Services

(750-760)	12.5	*	22 .2	*	12 .5	*
Personal Services

(762-791)	13.2	8 .6	25 .8	15 .6	9 .8	3 .4
Hotel & Motel

(762,770)

10.9	6 .0	*	11 .2	10 .6	4 .8
Other Personal Services (761,771-791)	*	10 .8	*	19 .5	8 .7	2 .3
Entertainment & Recreation

(800-802)	16.8	*	28 .7	*	8 .6	*
Professional & Related Services

(812-892)	5.8	3 .4	13 .0	9 .2	6 .3	1 .7
Offices of Health Professionals (812-830)	*	1 .7	*	10 .3	*	*
Hospitals

(831)	4.9	3 .9	9 .4	8 .7	3 .0	1 .8
Nursing Homes & Personal Care Facilities

(832,870)	*	5 .6	*	11 .0	*	3 .4
Other Health Services

(840)	7.3	4 .1	14 .2	12 .9	9 .1	2 .3
Legal Services

(841)	*	5 .9	*	12 .2	*	1 .0
Elementary & Secondary Schools (842)	4.1	1 .4	14 .3	6 .2	6 .2	1 .3
Colleges, Universities, Business Schools, Job Training & Vocational Rehabilitation

(850-851,860-861)	*	2 .6	11 .0	5 .1	*	1 .8
Child Care & Social Services (862,871)	*	3 .1	*	9 .2	*	*
Professional & Related Services (852,872-882,890-892)

6.3	6 .3	11 .5	11 .3	6 .0	1 .0
Public Administration

(900-932)	3.3	4 .0	8 .5	8 .6	10 .1	1 .6
Executive & General Government (900-901)	4.9	8 .2	9 .8	14 .8	*	2 .4
Justice & Public Order

(910)	2.8	0 .5	6 .5	3 .3	9 .7	*
Other Government

(921-932)	2.4	2 .4	10 .7	6 .4	6 .9	1 .8
Industry Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified

(942-999)

5.3	*	15 .5	*	4 .6	1 .4

Note: Standard Industry codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.8 for sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age of workers associated with each category. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 4.3 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Occupation Categories

and Marital Status, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use

Occupation Category

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married
Total	4 .9	10 .7	11 .1	21 .2	5 .2	10 .0
Financial Managers (007,025)	7 .9	4 .7	10 .9	10 .2	*	*
Accountants, Auditors, Underwriters, Actuaries & Bookkeepers

(23-24,66,337)	3 .8	3 .0	9 .0	10 .6	1 .3	4 .5
Executive Managers

(3-6,8-19)	4 .2	10 .6	10 .2	23 .3	4 .6	7 .9
Other Management- Related Occupations

(26-37)	2 .9	11 .7	6 .0	20 .5	1 .3	5 .9
Architects, Engineers & Engineering Technicians (43-63,213-218)	4 .6	6 .7	9 .0	22 .1	7 .4	10 .8
Physicians, Dentists, Optometrists, Podiatrists, Physicians' Assistants, Dieticians, Pharmacists, Dental Hygienists, Radiological Technicians & Therapists (84-85,87- 89,97-106,204,206)	1 .9	11 .3	3 .0	15 .0	*	4 .9

Table 4.3 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Occupation Categories

and Marital Status, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use

Occupation Category

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married
Clinical Laboratory & Technologists, Health Record Technologists & Technicians

(203,205,208)	4 .1	2 .4	7 .5	6 .9	1 .5	1 .6
Nurses

(95,207)	5 .4	3 .6	14 .5	10 .4	*	2 .7
Nurses Aides, Dental Assistants & Health Aides (445-447)	6 .0	7 .1	12 .7	12 .8	*	4 .0
Scientists, Science Technicians & Social Scientists

(67-83,96,166,168- 169,173,223-225)	*	*	15 .0	*	*	*
Teachers, Librarians & Teachers' Aides

(113-159,164,387)	1 .1	4 .2	7 .4	16 .5	2 .1	3 .6
Social Workers & Psychologists

(167,174)	2 .2	*	*	*	*	7 .6
Lawyers, Judges & Legal Assistants

(178-179,234)	1 .0	*	4 .2	*	2 .5	8 .7
Computer Analysts & Programmers

(64-65,229)	*	*	*	16 .4	0 .5	*
Writers, Artists, Photographers, Entertainers, Athletes, Designers

(183,185-194,198-199)	*	*	13 .4	*	0 .8	*
Other Professionals & Technicians

(163,165,175- 177,184,195,197,226- 227,233,235,308-309)	4 .1	9 .7	11 .3	22 .0	5 .8	6 .8
Sales Occupations

(243-274,277,285)	4 .8	12 .3	10 .9	22 .3	3 .5	8 .9
Sales Clerks & Cashiers (275-276)	4 .8	6 .5	12 .6	11 .8	*	3 .0
Supervisors, Administrative Support (303-307,389)	1 .3	8 .4	8 .9	*	3 .2	*
Secretaries, Typists, Stenographers

(313-315)	3 .7	6 .8	8 .4	12 .4	1 .3	1 .2
Records Processing Clerks (325-336,338-344,384- 386)	1 .5	2 .8	7 .4	8 .5	*	2 .2
Duplicating, Mail Clerks & Dispatchers

(345-374)	3 .7	10 .2	10 .5	23 .9	5 .6	12 .7
Information Clerks & General Office Clerks (316-323,379)	*	6 .3	10 .8	16 .3	*	4 .5
Adjusters & Investigators (375-378)	*	*	7 .4	25 .8	0 .3	*
Police, Detectives, Sheriffs, Correctional Officers, Fire Fighters & Guards

(413-427)	2 .8	4 .7	4 .7	12 .9	10 .5	*
Food Preparation, Waiters, Waitresses & Bartenders

(433-444)	6 .7	20 .0	14 .0	34 .9	8 .9	19 .8
Cleaning & Building Services

(407,448-453)	11 .4	10 .8	16 .3	18 .4	7 .8	7 .9
Child Care Workers (406,468)	0 .1	5 .5	3 .3	10 .6	*	2 .3
Miscellaneous Personal Services

(403-405,454-467,469)	3 .9	8 .8	12 .4	27 .4	0 .5	5 .2
Farming, Fishing & Forestry

(473-499)	6 .3	5 .7	12 .7	12 .9	7 .6	11 .5
Mechanics & Vehicle Repairers

(503-519)	6 .2	13 .2	11 .0	27 .4	10 .1	24 .3
Electrical & Electronic Repairers, Other Mechanics & Repairers (523-549)	6 .0	*	11 .1	24 .9	5 .6	*
Construction Trades

(553-599)	10 .6	18 .5	17 .0	27 .4	10 .6	17 .4
Precision Production Occupations

(633-699)	6 .2	11 .3	14 .1	23 .3	6 .8	10 .4
Machine Operators

(703-779)	4 .5	11 .5	11 .6	20 .3	3 .3	13 .7
Fabricators, Assemblers & Hand Working Occupations

(783-799)	8 .1	6 .4	11 .9	16 .3	7 .0	6 .9
Truck Drivers

(804-806)	5 .5	*	15 .0	26 .6	9 .9	25 .9
Other Transportation Drivers

(803,808-859)	2 .9	13 .9	5 .1	23 .7	12 .4	12 .2
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, Laborers & Extractive Occupations

(613-617,863-889)	6 .1	15 .9	17 .5	22 .9	9 .4	23 .1
Occupation Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified

(896-999)

3 .8	*	12 .5	*	4 .5	5 .4

Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.7 for sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age of workers associated with each category. The percentages are directly standardized to conform to the age distribution of the 1991-93 NHSDA weighted sample size since the average age differs among the two marital status groups (Average ages: Married=36.6; Divorced, Separated, or Never Married=31.3). Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 4.4 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Industry Categories

and Marital Status, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use

Industry Category

Married	Divorced,

Separated, or

Never Married

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married
Total	4.9	10 .7	11 .1	21 .2	5 .2	10 .0
Agricultural Products, Horticulture & Mining (010-050)	6.9	5 .9	15 .9	10 .9	7 .5	14 .0
Construction

(060)	8.4	16 .5	15 .5	27 .4	9 .9	16 .4
Manufacturing—

Nondurable Goods

(100-222)	4.6	9 .6	11 .0	20 .1	4 .7	10 .6
Food Products

(100-130)	6.3	10 .9	13 .7	16 .9	5 .5	13 .2
Textile Mill Products (132-152)	4.0	7 .0	9 .6	11 .4	4 .9	3 .3
Paper & Allied Products, Publishing & Printing

(160-172)	7.7	15 .6	15 .3	31 .1	3 .6	10 .0
Chemical & Allied Products, Petroleum, Coal, Rubber & Misc. (180-222)

2.1	3 .9	7 .2	14 .8	4 .7	15 .6

Table 4.4 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Industry Categories

and Marital Status, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use

Industry Category

Married	Divorced,

Separated, or

Never Married

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married

Married	Divorced, Separated, or

Never Married
Manufacturing—

Durable Goods

(230-392)	5.0	10 .6	11 .6	22 .4	5 .6	12 .7
Lumber, Stone, Glass & Concrete

(230-262)	5.3	11 .6	10 .2	21 .0	8 .1	18 .5
Metal Industries

(270-301)	6.1	11 .8	23 .1	22 .1	8 .5	9 .9
Machinery, except Electrical

(310-332)	3.6	16 .2	9 .5	22 .6	4 .7	13 .5
Electrical Machinery Equipment & Supplies (340-350)	3.6	8 .7	7 .0	18 .1	1 .5	5 .2
Transportation Equipment

(351-370)	5.2	4 .7	11 .0	19 .7	8 .1	9 .1
Professional Photographic Equipment, Watches & Misc.

(371-392)

5.1	12 .0	10 .7	28 .5	2 .7	16 .6
Transportation, Communications & Public Utilities

(400-472)	4.2	11 .1	10 .6	24 .1	7 .7	10 .7
Transportation

(400-432)	3.4	9 .1	9 .8	23 .5	8 .5	11 .5
Trucking Services (410)	2.1	8 .3	11 .1	*	4 .8	*
Air Transportation (421)	6.0	5 .1	14 .4	16 .6	3 .6	*
Telephone, Telegraph, Radio, Television (440-442)	4.1	*	8 .6	*	4 .6	6 .7
Utilities & Sanitary (460-472)

7.9	*	16 .8	22 .6	9 .7	11 .3
Wholesale Trade (500-571)	6.3	10 .2	13 .2	18 .1	8 .5	13 .0
Durable Goods

(500-532)	8.3	9 .0	13 .3	19 .5	4 .8	*
Nondurable Goods (540-571)	5.1	11 .5	13 .3	17 .4	11 .0	8 .6
Groceries

(550)	5.5	*	22 .4	*	10 .2	6 .4
Misc. Wholesale Trade

(540-542,551-571)

4.9	9 .3	6 .3	15 .1	11 .8	10 .2
Retail Trade

(580-691)	6.7	14 .0	13 .2	23 .2	5 .6	12 .3
Department & Apparel Stores

(591-600,630-631)	2.1	8 .2	10 .8	14 .5	1 .6	3 .1
Grocery/Food Stores (601-611)	8.3	6 .5	14 .1	14 .7	3 .3	7 .2
Motor Vehicle Dealers, Auto & Home Supply, Service Stations

(612-622)	6.5	11 .7	14 .6	18 .1	9 .3	*
Furniture & Household Appliances (632-640)	*	*	*	*	2 .1	*
Eating & Drinking Places, Drug Stores (641-642)	8.3	19 .3	15 .8	32 .7	11 .1	16 .5
Misc. Retail

(650-691, 580-590)

3.4	12 .9	8 .5	22 .0	2 .7	11 .1
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate

(700-712)	3.3	9 .2	9 .4	23 .6	3 .1	6 .9
Banking and Savings & Loan

(700-701)	2.1	7 .8	8 .3	*	1 .1	*
Credit Agencies, Security & Brokerage (702-710)	*	10 .8	8 .4	19 .4	1 .7	4 .3
Insurance

(711)	3.0	7 .8	8 .6	23 .1	4 .5	7 .6
Real Estate

(712)	5.3	11 .3	12 .5	26 .5	5 .0	5 .9
Business & Repair Services

(721-760)	7.3	14 .3	13 .4	25 .5	5 .2	17 .7
Business Management & Consulting, Advertising, Personnel, Computer & Data Processing (721,731-732,740)	6.6	12 .6	15 .5	20 .6	4 .2	*
Services to Buildings (722)	*	9 .7	*	13 .3	2 .5	8 .9
Other Business Service Not Elsewhere Classified

(730,741-742)	6.5	16 .7	10 .0	29 .3	*	14 .8
Automotive, Electrical & Misc. Repair Services

(750-760)

7.9	14 .9	13 .9	*	8 .0	*
Personal Services (762-791)	7.0	10 .6	13 .5	22 .1	3 .0	7 .0
Hotel & Motel (762,770)	2.8	12 .4	5 .3	23 .9	4 .5	8 .6
Other Personal Services

(761,771-791)	10.8	8 .9	21 .1	20 .5	1 .3	5 .4
Entertainment & Recreation

(800-802)

6.8	12 .4	16 .2	20 .5	0 .8	8 .5
Professional & Related Services (812-892)	2.9	7 .4	8 .1	16 .5	2 .5	4 .5
Offices of Health Professionals

(812-830)	0.2	*	*	10 .0	*	0 .6
Hospitals

(831)	3.9	5 .7	9 .3	8 .9	0 .6	4 .3
Nursing Homes & Personal Care Facilities

(832,870)	6.0	7 .3	12 .5	11 .8	2 .9	4 .9
Other Health Services (840)	3.6	8 .0	10 .9	18 .9	4 .7	3 .1
Legal Services

(841)	1.3	*	5 .6	*	1 .2	4 .3
Elementary & Secondary Schools (842)	1.4	6 .1	7 .1	18 .9	2 .2	6 .8
Colleges, Universities, Business Schools, Job Training & Vocational Rehabilitation

(850-851,860-861)	2.8	3 .6	5 .2	12 .2	4 .6	3 .6
Child Care & Social Services

(862,871)	2.1	*	4 .7	*	0 .1	4 .6
Professional & Related Services (852,872-882,890- 892)

3.8	10 .3	7 .1	19 .3	3 .1	4 .6
Public Administration (900-932)	2.4	6 .3	6 .3	15 .2	6 .4	6 .1
Executive & General Government

(900-901)	3.8	10 .7	7 .9	21 .0	8 .2	7 .4
Justice & Public Order (910)	2.0	2 .0	4 .5	7 .9	7 .7	3 .2
Other Government (921-932)	2.0	3 .5	7 .2	14 .4	3 .4	5 .5
Industry Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified

(942-999)

3.3	*	10 .3	*	3 .0	4 .1

Note: Standard industry codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.8 for sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age of workers associated with each category. The percentages are directly standardized to conform to the age distribution of the 1991-93 NHSDA weighted sample size since the average age differs among the two marital status groups (Average ages: Married=36.6; Divorced, Separated, or Never Married=31.3). Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Chapter 5	Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Use by Occupation, Industry,

and Number of Jobs Held in the Past Five Years

Tables 5.1 and 5.2 provide estimates of the prevalence of drug use by number of jobs held in the past five years among full-time workers, ages 18-49. Although the data cannot be used to infer causality, especially since most job changes probably preceded the reported illicit drug or heavy alcohol use, a hypothesis that led to the development of these tables is that drug users tend to change jobs more frequently.

The estimates provide some evidence that support the hypothesis. Among those who reported having held three or more jobs, there was a little over two times the rate of current and past year illicit drug use compared to those who reported having had fewer than three jobs. This difference was especially pronounced and significant in the following occupations: Accountants and Auditors, Executive Managers, Other Management Related Occupations, Nurses Aides, Sales, Food Preparation and Servers, Machine Operators, Construction Trades, and Handlers and Helpers. In Table 5.2, a similar difference in rates was found among the following industries: Construction, Machinery (except electrical), Nondurable Goods, Eating and Drinking Places, Banking and Savings & Loan, Hospitals, and Nursing Homes.

However, for several occupations and industries the rates of drug use for workers with frequent job changes were similar to the rates for workers with less frequent changes. These include Professionals and Technicians, Police, Correctional Officers, and Fire Fighters, Transportation Drivers (Table 5.1), Paper and Allied Products, Telephone and Television, and Colleges and Universities (Table 5.2). In most occupations and industries, those who held three or more jobs reported similar involvement in heavy alcohol use as those who held fewer than three jobs. The few exceptions to this general observation included Sales Clerks, Food Preparation and Servers, Mechanics (Table 5.1), Construction, Automotive and Electrical Repair, and Grocery Stores (Table 5.2).

Table 5.1 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Occupation Categories and

Number of Jobs Held in the Past Five Years, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use

Occupation Category	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs
Total	5 .6	13 .0	12 .1	25 .1	6 .3	9 .9
Financial Managers (007,025)	2 .5	*	6 .5	*	9 .0	*
Accountants, Auditors, Underwriters, Actuaries & Bookkeepers

(23-24,66,337)	2 .9	8 .3	8 .0	17 .5	2 .8	1 .5
Executive Managers

(3-6,8-19)	4 .4	11 .4	10 .7	25 .0	6 .2	4 .5
Other Management- Related Occupations

(26-37)	3 .7	19 .2	9 .0	*	2 .3	*
Architects, Engineers & Engineering Technicians (43-63,213-218)	4 .4	7 .4	12 .3	12 .7	6 .9	8 .4
Physicians, Dentists, Optometrists, Podiatrists, Physicians' Assistants, Dieticians, Pharmacists, Dental Hygienists, Radiological Technicians & Therapists (84-85,87- 89,97-106,204,206)	1 .7	*	3 .3	*	*	*

Table 5.1 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Occupation Categories and

Number of Jobs Held in the Past Five Years, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use

Occupation Category	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs
Clinical Laboratory & Technologists, Health Record Technologists & Technicians (203,205,208)	2 .7	*	6 .1	*	1 .8	*
Nurses

(95,207)	2 .7	7 .7	8 .1	*	0 .6	*
Nurses Aides, Dental Assistants & Health Aides

(445-447)	4 .7	11 .9	10 .4	21 .2	3 .7	4 .6
Scientists, Science Technicians & Social Scientists

(67-83,96,166,168- 169,173,223-225)	5 .8	*	12 .1	11 .3	*	*
Teachers, Librarians & Teachers' Aides

(113-159,164,387)	1 .7	5 .0	7 .9	14 .9	1 .8	5 .1
Social Workers & Psychologists

(167,174)	6 .6	*	17 .5	*	*	*
Lawyers, Judges & Legal Assistants

(178-179,234)	*	7 .6	18 .4	22 .3	*	4 .1
Computer Analysts & Programmers

(64-65,229)	*	*	11 .3	*	1 .6	*
Writers, Artists, Photographers, Entertainers, Athletes, Designers

(183,185-194,198-199)	14 .9	*	22 .9	*	3 .8	8 .1
Other Professionals & Technicians (163,165,175- 177,184,195,197,226- 227,233,235,308-309	5 .8	6 .7	15 .4	18 .0	6 .0	6 .1
Sales Occupations

(243-274,277,285)	6 .6	11 .3	13 .2	22 .7	5 .1	7 .4
Sales Clerks & Cashiers (275-276)	7 .0	9 .9	12 .7	21 .8	1 .8	10 .8
Supervisors, Administrative Support (303-307,389)	4 .7	2 .1	14 .6	14 .0	*	*
Secretaries, Typists, Stenographers

(313-315)	4 .4	8 .8	8 .5	16 .5	1 .4	1 .3
Records Processing Clerks

(325-336,338-344,384- 386)	1 .9	5 .2	6 .3	*	0 .9	*
Duplicating, Mail Clerks & Dispatchers

(345-374)	5 .9	11 .0	14 .1	24 .6	8 .8	8 .3
Information Clerks & General Office Clerks (316-323,379)	2 .0	*	12 .2	23 .8	4 .9	4 .9
Adjusters & Investigators

(375-378)	7 .3	*	14 .1	*	3 .4	*
Police, Detectives, Sheriffs, Correctional Officers, Fire Fighters & Guards

(413-427)	3 .4	3 .3	5 .6	14 .2	10 .9	*
Food Preparation, Waiters, Waitresses & Bartenders

(433-444)	10 .8	25 .0	19 .4	41 .7	10 .4	21 .3
Cleaning & Building Services

(407,448-453)	8 .7	19 .4	12 .9	32 .4	5 .6	14 .7
Child Care Workers (406,468)	0 .5	*	3 .3	*	*	*
Miscellaneous Personal Services

(403-405,454-467,469)	4 .1	*	16 .8	*	2 .7	*
Farming, Fishing & Forestry

(473-499)	7 .2	11 .5	12 .7	24 .7	9 .5	12 .7
Mechanics & Vehicle Repairers

(503-519)	7 .9	12 .2	12 .2	*	11 .6	24 .0
Electrical & Electronic Repairers, Other Mechanics & Repairers (523-549)	7 .8	*	14 .4	23 .6	9 .6	2 .4
Construction Trades (553-599)	9 .0	30 .1	15 .4	41 .2	10 .4	24 .8
Precision Production Occupations

(633-699)	7 .5	10 .9	14 .2	*	7 .1	10 .4
Machine Operators

(703-779)	6 .6	10 .7	13 .5	22 .2	6 .6	8 .9
Fabricators, Assemblers & Hand Working Occupations

(783-799)	5 .5	19 .2	9 .9	34 .0	6 .9	10 .9
Truck Drivers

(804-806)	6 .7	8 .9	15 .3	22 .6	13 .4	14 .7
Other Transportation Drivers

(803,808-859)	7 .0	7 .4	11 .0	15 .3	11 .3	9 .4
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, Laborers & Extractive Occupations

(613-617,863-889)	7 .6	20 .6	17 .4	34 .9	12 .7	19 .4
Occupation Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified (896-999)

4 .4	15 .0	12 .5	29 .5	3 .7	5 .0

Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.7 for sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age of workers associated with each category. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 5.2 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Industry Categories and

Number of Jobs Held in the Past Five Years, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use

Industry Category	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs
Total	5.6	13 .0	12 .1	25 .1	6 .3	9 .9
Agricultural Products, Horticulture & Mining (010-050)	6.4	9 .4	13 .3	20 .9	9 .7	9 .4
Construction

(060)	7.8	26 .0	15 .3	37 .8	11 .1	20 .7
Manufacturing—

Nondurable Goods

(100-222)	6.2	9 .9	13 .2	20 .7	6 .5	8 .3
Food Products

(100-130)	7.7	*	15 .7	*	7 .8	10 .6
Textile Mill Products (132-152)	5.3	6 .6	9 .4	17 .0	4 .7	5 .1
Paper & Allied Products, Publishing & Printing (160-172)	11.1	10 .1	21 .0	26 .8	6 .0	10 .2
Chemical & Allied Products, Petroleum, Coal, Rubber & Misc. (180-222)	2.2	6 .6	8 .3	13 .8	7 .5	8 .0

Table 5.2 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Revised Industry Categories and

Number of Jobs Held in the Past Five Years, 1991-1993
Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use

Industry Category	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs	Fewer than Three Jobs	Three or More Jobs
Manufacturing—

Durable Goods

(230-392)	5.5	11 .4	12 .5	23 .0	7 .4	8 .7
Lumber, Stone, Glass & Concrete

(230-262)	6.3	12 .2	12 .8	19 .3	11 .1	11 .6
Metal Industries

(270-301)	4.7	*	18 .7	*	10 .0	*
Machinery, except Electrical

(310-332)	4.4	*	9 .8	25 .6	7 .5	*
Electrical Machinery Equipment & Supplies (340-350)	5.1	7 .3	10 .8	8 .6	2 .5	3 .2
Transportation Equipment (351-370)	4.7	*	10 .9	*	6 .9	*
Professional Photographic Equipment, Watches & Misc.

(371-392)

6.9	11 .5	13 .5	26 .7	7 .3	7 .2
Transportation, Communications & Public Utilities

(400-472)	5 .0	9 .0	11 .8	23 .4	7 .1	8 .8
Transportation

(400-432)	3.8	8 .6	11 .1	21 .0	7 .2	9 .3
Trucking Services

(410)	3.1	7 .5	14 .2	14 .5	9 .1	2 .6
Air Transportation

(421)	2.5	*	9 .3	*	4 .8	*
Telephone, Telegraph, Radio, Television

(440-442)	9.1	8 .4	14 .5	25 .5	6 .1	*
Utilities & Sanitary

(460-472)

5.3	*	11 .7	*	7 .4	*
Wholesale Trade

(500-571)	6.8	11 .9	13 .1	23 .6	8 .8	15 .3
Durable Goods

(500-532)	9.0	11 .1	14 .7	22 .9	8 .5	8 .3
Nondurable Goods

(540-571)	5.1	12 .4	11 .7	24 .0	9 .1	19 .9
Groceries

(550)	6.1	*	18 .0	*	5 .5	*
Misc. Wholesale Trade (540-542,551-571)

4.4	13 .2	7 .4	17 .8	11 .5	*
Retail Trade

(580-691)	8.2	16 .3	14 .9	29 .7	7 .2	12 .3
Department & Apparel Stores

(591-600,630-631)	3.7	7 .8	9 .0	21 .2	2 .2	4 .0
Grocery/Food Stores

(601-611)	8.2	13 .0	13 .9	27 .9	3 .7	12 .3
Motor Vehicle Dealers, Auto & Home Supply, Service Stations

(612-622)	8.6	13 .1	17 .6	23 .7	12 .5	8 .2
Furniture & Household Appliances

(632-640)	10.6	*	14 .2	*	4 .7	9 .9
Eating & Drinking Places, Drug Stores

(641-642)	10.9	22 .4	20 .2	36 .7	12 .0	17 .9
Misc. Retail

(650-691, 589-590)

6.3	10 .0	11 .4	23 .2	5 .1	8 .4
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate (700-712)	3.9	10 .9	12 .0	24 .0	4 .2	5 .7
Banking and Savings & Loan

(700-701)	0.9	18 .0	9 .8	*	3 .7	2 .5
Credit Agencies, Security & Brokerage

(702-710)	6.3	7 .0	10 .7	*	2 .9	7 .0
Insurance

(711)	3.7	7 .7	10 .3	23 .8	4 .8	6 .2
Real Estate

(712)

7.1	*	19 .7	18 .4	5 .0	*
Business & Repair Services

(721-760)	10.1	13 .7	16 .2	29 .4	8 .4	13 .0
Business Management & Consulting, Advertising, Personnel, Computer & Data Processing

(721,731-732,740)	8.7	*	16 .8	*	12 .4	2 .6
Services to Buildings (722)	*	13 .9	10 .4	23 .9	3 .4	*
Other Business Service Not Elsewhere Classified (730,741-742)	13.5	10 .9	19 .4	26 .6	6 .8	11 .8
Automotive, Electrical & Misc. Repair Services (750-760)

9.7	17 .2	15 .4	*	7 .0	21 .6
Personal Services

(762-791)	5.8	21 .4	12 .6	36 .1	4 .4	9 .2
Hotel & Motel

(762,770)	3.9	*	7 .0	*	4 .7	*
Other Personal Services (761,771-791)	7.5	*	17 .9	*	4 .0	5 .2
Entertainment & Recreation

(800-802)

12.3	17 .0	19 .4	*	5 .4	9 .6
Professional & Related Services

(812-892)	3.4	7 .8	8.9	17 .0	2 .8	4 .9
Offices of Health Professionals

(812-830)	1.2	*	4 .1	*	*	*
Hospitals

(831)	3.0	9 .2	7 .5	15 .0	1 .5	4 .9
Nursing Homes & Personal Care Facilities (832,870)	3.2	13 .5	8 .1	23 .9	2 .7	5 .1
Other Health Services (840)	4.2	8 .6	11 .7	19 .6	3 .9	6 .0
Legal Services

(841)	4.9	10 .0	13 .4	19 .4	3 .0	3 .2
Elementary & Secondary Schools

(842)	1.9	3 .5	7 .7	13 .6	1 .7	8 .5
Colleges, Universities, Business Schools, Job Training & Vocational Rehabilitation

(850-851,860-861)	3.5	3 .1	8 .0	8 .3	5 .8	1 .9
Child Care & Social Services

(862,871)	*	9 .2	10 .6	16 .6	*	*
Professional & Related Services

(852,872-882,890-892)

5.2	9 .8	10 .0	16 .2	4 .1	2 .9
Public Administration (900-932)	2.8	7 .0	7 .4	14 .1	7 .2	4 .3
Executive & General Government

(900-901)	5.2	*	10 .3	*	8 .9	6 .8
Justice & Public Order (910)	1.7	*	5 .2	7 .9	8 .3	1 .9
Other Government

(921-932)	2.0	4 .5	7 .4	*	4 .4	*
Industry Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified (942-999)

4.8	*	12 .3	*	3 .2	*

Note: Standard industry codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.8 sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age of workers associated with each category. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Chapter 6 Employee Drug Testing by Occupation and Industry

Recent years have seen the increasing use of drug testing by companies concerned with employee drug use. Important issues are whether drug testing deters employee drug use, and whether drug testing programs are reaching those occupations and industries with a high percentage of illicit drug users.4 The NHSDA has asked a question about mandatory drug testing since 1991, and by comparing the results of this question to those about current illicit drug use, preliminary evidence that might help resolve these issues can be developed.

Tables 6.1 and 6.2 present the estimated percentage of full-time workers in each occupation or industry category who reported having participated in a mandatory drug test during the previous year. The estimated percentage of workers currently using illicit drugs in each occupation and industry category is also provided.

Overall, almost 13 percent of full-time workers reported participation in a drug test in the previous year. The occupations in which the largest percentage of workers reported participation were Truck Drivers, Other Transportation Drivers, Police, Correctional Officers, and Fire Fighters, Handlers and Helpers, and Electrical and Electronic Repairers. The lowest percentage was reported by Entertainers and Writers, Lawyers and Judges, and Teachers. The industries in which the highest percentage of workers reported participation in drug testing included Transportation, Utilities and Sanitary, Groceries, and Public Order.

It is interesting to note that workers from some occupations and related industries with the highest rates of illicit drug use, namely Food Preparation and Servers and Writers and Entertainers, also reported relatively low rates of participation in mandatory drug testing programs.

Table 6.1 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Participation in a Mandatory Employer Drug Test in the Past 12 Months and Current Illicit Drug Use,

by Revised Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Occupation Category	Mandatory Drug Test Current Illicit Drug Use
Total	12 .7	7 .3
Financial Managers

(007,025)	8 .4	4 .6
Accountants, Auditors, Underwriters, Actuaries & Bookkeepers

(23-24,66,337)	4 .5	3 .8
Executive Managers

(3-6,8-19)	7 .5	5 .6
Other Management-Related Occupations (26-37)	5 .7	6 .8
Architects, Engineers & Engineering Technicians

(43-63,213-218)	15 .4	4 .9
Physicians, Dentists, Optometrists, Podiatrists, Physicians' Assistants, Dieticians, Pharmacists, Dental Hygienists, Radiological Technicians & Therapists

(84-85,87-89,97-106,204,206)	7 .7	4 .0
Clinical Laboratory & Technologists, Health Record Technologists & Technicians (203,205,208)	9 .7	3 .9
Nurses (95,207)	10 .6	3 .6
Nurses Aides, Dental Assistants & Health Aides (445-447)	11 .5	6 .8
Scientists, Science Technicians & Social Scientists

(67-83,96,166,168-169,173,223-225)	14 .8	5 .1
Teachers, Librarians & Teachers' Aides (113-159,164,387)	3 .1	2 .2
Social Workers & Psychologists

(167,174)	5 .9	7 .0
Lawyers, Judges & Legal Assistants

(178-179,234)	2 .4	7 .2
Computer Analysts & Programmers

(64-65,229)	6 .8	*

Table 6.1 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Participation in a Mandatory Employer Drug Test in the Past 12 Months and Current Illicit Drug Use, by Revised Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Occupation Category	Mandatory Drug Test Current Illicit Drug Use
Writers, Artists, Photographers, Entertainers, Athletes, Designers

(183,185-194,198-199)	2 .9	15 .7
Other Professional & Technicians (163,165,175-177,184,195,197,226- 227,233,235,308-309)	12 .5	6 .0
Sales Occupations

(243-274,277,285)	10 .6	7 .7
Sales Clerks & Cashiers

(275-276)	9 .7	8 .1
Supervisors, Administrative Support

(303-307,389)	7 .2	4 .2
Secretaries, Typists, Stenographers

(313-315)	7 .1	5 .4
Records Processing Clerks

(325-336,338-344,384-386)	6 .7	2 .5
Duplicating, Mail Clerks & Dispatchers (345-374)	13 .4	7 .0
Information Clerks & General Office Clerks (316-323,379)	14 .0	5 .2
Adjusters & Investigators

(375-378)	8 .4	8 .3
Police, Detectives, Sheriffs, Correctional Officers, Fire Fighters & Guards

(413-427)	26 .6	3 .2
Food Preparation, Waiters, Waitresses & Bartenders (433-444)	7 .6	16 .5
Cleaning & Building Services

(407,448-453)	11 .6	11 .5
Child Care Workers

(406,468)	6 .3	2 .6
Miscellaneous Personal Services

(403-405,454-467,469)	12 .5	7 .7
Farming, Fishing & Forestry

(473-499)	6 .9	8 .0
Mechanics & Vehicle Repairers

(503-519)	16 .1	8 .8
Electrical & Electronic Repairers, Other Mechanics & Repairers

(523-549)	19 .5	9 .1
Construction Trades

(553-599)	16 .2	14 .4
Precision Production Occupations

(633-699)	12 .8	8 .1
Machine Operators

(703-779)	17 .9	7 .5
Fabricators, Assemblers & Hand Working Occupations

(783-799)	18 .8	8 .3
Truck Drivers

(804-806)	49 .9	7 .2
Other Transportation Drivers

(803,808-859)	33 .1	7 .1
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, Laborers & Extractive Occupations (613- 617,863-889)	20 .1	11 .4
Occupation Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified

(896-999)

12 .9	7 .2

Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.7 for sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age of workers associated with each category. The question upon which the mandatory drug test data are based is: "During the past 12 months, have you been required by your employer to take a drug test?"

* Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 6.2 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Participation in a

Mandatory Employer Drug Test in the Past 12 Months, and Current Illicit Drug Use,

by Revised Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Industry Category	Mandatory Drug Test	Current Illicit Drug Use
Total	12 .7	7 .3
Agricultural Products, Horticulture & Mining

(010-050)	10 .7	7 .0
Construction

(060)	13 .0	12 .2
Manufacturing—Nondurable Goods

(100-222)	18 .7	6 .9
Food Products

(100-130)	25 .0	10 .3
Textile Mill Products

(132-152)	14 .3	5 .5
Paper & Allied Products, Publishing & Printing (160-172)	11 .8	10 .9
Chemical & Allied Products, Petroleum, Coal, Rubber & Misc.

(180-222)	23 .8	3 .1
Manufacturing—Durable Goods

(230-392)	15 .0	6 .7
Lumber, Stone, Glass & Concrete

(230-262)	14 .2	8 .0
Metal Industries

(270-301)	15 .4	6 .8
Machinery, except Electrical

(310-332)	10 .4	6 .7
Electrical Machinery Equipment & Supplies (340-350)	14 .2	5 .6
Transportation Equipment

(351-370)	18 .8	4 .8
Professional Photographic Equipment, Watches & Misc.

(371-392)

15 .8	7 .7

Table 6.2 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Participation in a

Mandatory Employer Drug Test in the Past 12 Months, and Current Illicit Drug Use, by Revised Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Industry Category	Mandatory Drug Test	Current Illicit Drug Use
Transportation, Communications & Public Utilities

(400-472)	30 .1	5 .7
Transportation

(400-432)	33 .5	4 .5
Trucking Services

(410)	45 .5	4 .0
Air Transportation

(421)	40 .8	3 .2
Telephone, Telegraph, Radio, Television (440-442)	11 .6	9 .0
Utilities & Sanitary

(460-472)

35 .9	6 .0
Wholesale Trade

(500-571)	20 .0	8 .0
Durable Goods

(500-532)	18 .2	9 .4
Nondurable Goods

(540-571)	21 .4	6 .9
Groceries

(550)	28 .7	7 .7
Misc. Wholesale Trade

(540-542,551-571)

15 .9	6 .3
Retail Trade

(580-691)	10 .4	10 .8
Department & Apparel Stores

(591-600,630-631)	11 .1	5 .0
Grocery/Food Stores

(601-611)	10 .6	9 .3
Motor Vehicle Dealers, Auto & Home Supply, Service Stations

(612-622)	12 .9	10 .2
Furniture & Household Appliances

(632-640)	8 .4	14 .4
Eating & Drinking Places, Drug Stores (641-642)	7 .4	15 .5
Misc. Retail

(650-691,580-590)

13 .6	7 .3
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate

(700-712)	7 .4	5 .4
Banking and Savings & Loan

(700-701)	7 .4	4 .0
Credit Agencies, Security & Brokerage (702-710)	7 .6	6 .5
Insurance

(711)	7 .1	4 .5
Real Estate

(712)

7 .6	7 .9
Business & Repair Services

(721-760)	8 .1	11 .1
Business Management & Consulting, Advertising, Personnel, Computer & Data Processing

(721,731-732,740)	4 .5	9 .2
Services to Buildings

(722)	11 .2	10 .4
Other Business Service Not Elsewhere Classified

(730,741-742)	11 .8	12 .6
Automotive, Electrical & Misc. Repair Services

(750-760)

8 .0	12 .0
Personal Services

(762-791)	5 .7	10 .3
Hotel & Motel

(762,770)	7 .4	8 .0
Other Personal Services

(761,771-791)	3 .9	12 .5
Entertainment & Recreation

(800-802)

4 .9	13 .7
Professional & Related Services

(812-892)	6 .8	4 .2
Offices of Health Professionals

(812-830)	*	1 .5
Hospitals

(831)	9 .6	4 .2
Nursing Homes & Personal Care Facilities (832,870)	8 .8	6 .2
Other Health Services

(840)	11 .2	5 .1
Legal Services

(841)	2 .2	6 .0
Elementary & Secondary Schools

(842)	3 .8	2 .2
Colleges, Universities, Business Schools, Job Training & Vocational Rehabilitation (850-851,860-861)	2 .5	3 .5
Child Care & Social Services

(862,871)	6 .0	6 .3
Professional & Related Services

(852,872-882,890-892)

9 .0	6 .3
Public Administration

(900-932)	14 .6	3 .5
Executive & General Government

(900-901)	9 .7	6 .4
Justice & Public Order

(910)	22 .8	2 .2
Other Government

(921-932)	8 .9	2 .4
Industry Not Reported or Not Elsewhere Classified

(942-999)

12 .0	6 .2

Note: Standard industry codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.8 for sample sizes, estimated population sizes, percent female, and average age of workers associated with each category. The question upon which the mandatory drug test data are based is: "During the past 12 months, have you been required by your employer to take a drug test?"

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Chapter 7 Absence from Work and Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Use

As indicated in chapter one, one cannot make causal attributions based on NHSDA data. Nevertheless, there are a number of interesting hypotheses that can be tested with these data. For example, the hypothesis guiding this chapter is that drug users are more likely to skip work and be absent due to illness or injury than workers who do not use drugs. Since skipping work and missing work due to illness or injury are relatively rare events, many of the estimates that might have been presented in the following tables were suppressed due to low precision. Therefore, the tables present only a select number of occupation and industry categories. The reader is cautioned that since there is such uncertainty in this analysis, additional research is needed before any conclusions can be made about the association between drug use and absence from work.

7.1 Skipping Work by Current Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Users

The first set of results bearing on the hypothesis mentioned above provides estimates about whether full-time workers in several occupation and industry categories, ages 18-49, had skipped work in the previous 30 days by whether or not they were current illicit drug or heavy alcohol users.

Tables 7.1 and 7.2 offer modest support for the notion that current illicit drug and heavy alcohol users tend to skip work more often than others. Overall and among Food Preparation and Servers, Handlers and Helpers (Table 7.1), Eating and Drinking Places, and Transportation (Table 7.2), current illicit drug users reported skipping work at least one day about twice as often as those who had not used an illicit drug in the past month. This finding received less support when viewing heavy alcohol use; the only significant difference that could be detected occurred among the total sample. In fact, in most occupations and industries there appeared to be little difference in the percent skipping work by reported heavy alcohol use.

7.2 Absence from Work Due to Illness or Injury by Current Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Users

Tables 7.3 and 7.4 offer little support for the view that worker absence due to illness or injury is associated with current illicit drug or heavy alcohol use. Although the overall percentages indicate that current illicit drug users were significantly more likely to report being absent in the past 30 days for two or more days than non-users, the specific occupations show little differentiation. However, a slightly larger percentage of workers in the Construction and Eating and Drinking industries (Table 7.4) who reported current illicit drug use also reported missing two or more days due to illness or injury, but the differences were not large enough to meet the criteria for statistical significance.

Table 7.1 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Who Reported Skipping Work in the Previous 30 Days, by Drug Use and Selected Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Skipping Work	Percentage Skipping Work

Occupation	No Current Illicit Drug Use	Current Illicit Drug Use	No Heavy Alcohol Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total	7 .5	15 .9	7 .7	13 .1
Executive Managers

(3-6,8-19)	5 .7	10 .9	6 .1	4 .6
Architects, Engineers, & Engineering Technicians

(43-63,213-218)	9 .4	3 .7	8 .9	*
Sales Occupations

(243-274,277,285)	5 .7	10 .5	5 .6	12 .9
Duplicating, Mail Clerks & Dispatchers (345-374)	6 .0	9 .3	6 .3	*
Food Preparation, Waiters, Waitresses & Bartenders (433-444)	7 .5	18 .5	9 .0	10 .9
Cleaning & Building Services (407,448-453)	8 .5	9 .4	7 .8	*
Electrical & Electronic Repairers, Other Mechanics & Repairers (523-549)	7 .8	*	8 .5	5 .8
Construction Trades (553-599)	8 .2	14 .5	8 .0	15 .6
Machine Operators (703-779)	9 .8	11 .9	9 .8	11 .7
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, Laborers & Extractive Occupations

(613-617,863-889)	7 .3	19 .0	8 .0	12 .8
Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.7 for a full list of occupation categories and codes. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 7.2 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Who Reported Skipping Work in the Previous 30 Days, by Drug Use and Selected industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Skipping Work	Percentage Skipping Work

Industry	No Current Illicit Drug Use	Current Illicit Drug Use	No Heavy Alcohol Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total	7 .5	15 .9	7 .7	13 .1
Construction

(060)	8 .2	11 .0	7 .8	13 .3
Paper & Allied Products, Publishing & Printing (160-172)	8 .7	*	9 .8	12 .3
Transportation

(400-432)	8 .7	16 .1	8 .4	*
Eating & Drinking Places, Drug Stores (641-642)	8 .4	20 .6	10 .1	11 .6
Insurance

(711)	10 .3	10 .9	10 .4	*
Real Estate

(712)	8 .5	*	8 .7	6 .9
Justice & Public Order (910)

2 .1	*	7 .5	2 .4

Note: Standard industry codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.8 for a full list of industry categories and codes. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 7.3 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Who Reported Being Absent from Work Two or More Days in the Previous 30 Days Due to Illness or Injury, by Drug Use and Selected Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Absent From Work	Percentage Absent From Work
Occupation	No Current Illicit Drug Use	Current Illicit Drug Use	No Heavy Alcohol Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total	8 .2	12 .0	8 .4	10 .2
Executive Managers (3-6,8-19)	4 .7	5 .1	4 .9	2 .2
Architects, Engineers, & Engineering Technicians

(43-63,213-218)	7 .2	2 .5	6 .7	*
Sales Occupations (243-274,277,285)	7 .6	6 .9	7 .9	2 .1
Duplicating, Mail Clerks & Dispatchers (345-374)	13 .2	7 .4	12 .9	*
Food Preparation, Waiters, Waitresses & Bartenders

(433-444)	8 .6	12 .6	8 .6	*
Child Care Workers (406,468)	4 .8	*	4 .8	1 .9
Construction Trades (553-599)	8 .0	13 .6	9 .3	4 .7
Machine Operators (703-779)	7 .5	5 .1	8 .0	3 .5
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, Laborers & Extractive Occupations

(613-617,863-889)

9 .4	14 .9	9 .4	13 .7

Note: Standard occupation codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.7 for a full list of occupational categories and codes. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 7.4 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Who Reported Being Absent from Work Two or More Days in the Previous 30 Days Due to Illness or Injury,

by Drug Use and Selected Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Absent From Work	Percentage Absent From Work

Industry	No Current Illicit Drug Use	Current Illicit Drug Use	No Heavy Alcohol Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total	8 .2	12 .0	8 .4	10 .2
Construction

(060)	6 .2	11 .5	7 .2	5 .0
Transportation

(400-432)	11 .6	9 .5	11 .2	*
Nondurable Goods (540-571)	10 .2	8 .9	10 .2	*
Grocery/Food Stores (601-611)	6 .7	*	8 .4	6 .1
Eating & Drinking Places, Drug Stores (641-642)	8 .3	14 .0	9 .2	*
Insurance

(711)	6 .7	4 .4	6 .3	*
Other Health Services (840)

7 .4	*	8 .3	0 .1

Note: Standard industry codes appear in parentheses. See Table 3.8 for a full list of industry categories and codes. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Chapter 8 Illicit Drug and Heavy Alcohol Use Among Part-Time Workers

The final set of results shown in Tables 8.1 and 8.3 present the estimated percentages of part-time workers, ages 18-49, who reported current illicit drug use, past year illicit drug use, and heavy alcohol use by occupation and industry. Since there are relatively few part-time workers from the target age range in the NHSDA sample, the broader, collapsed 15 occupation categories and 15 industry categories are used. Since the reader may also wish to have a comparison for these results, Tables 8.2 and 8.4 present the parallel percentages for full-time workers. The four tables in this chapter are similar to Tables 3.4-3.8 in that each provides the standard codes, unweighted sample sizes, estimated populations sizes, percent female, and average age in each occupation and industry category.

Two observations that may affect the distribution of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use are apparent when comparing part-time workers to full-time workers. First, compared to full-time workers, part-time workers include a much higher proportion of females (41.4 percent vs. 66.9 percent). Second, the average age among part-time workers is much lower than among full-time workers (27 vs. 35). As noted previously, both gender and age are important predictors of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use.

The results shown in Table 8.1 indicate that part-time workers from the following occupations had the highest rates of current and past year illicit drug use and heavy alcohol use: Construction; Farming, Fishing, and Forestry; Transportation and Material Moving (heavy alcohol use suppressed due to low precision); and Handlers and Helpers. Construction and Handlers and Helpers also had the highest rates among full-time workers.

Furthermore, part-time workers from the following industries reported the highest rates of current and past year illicit drug use and heavy alcohol use: Construction; Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries; and Entertainment and Recreation. Full-time workers from these industries also reported high rates of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use.

Overall, part-time workers were more likely to report using illicit drugs than full-time workers. This was particularly true for the following occupations: Farming, Fishing, and Forestry; Construction; and Transportation. Part-time workers in these occupations were twice as likely as full-time workers to use illicit drugs. There were few differences found between part-time and full-time workers' rates of heavy alcohol use.

Table 8.1 Percentage of Part-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Occupation Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total

7558	15,292,031	66 .9	27 .0	9 .8	19 .3	6 .4
Executive, Administrative & Managerial	003-037	358	860,803	73 .7	34 .1	9 .9	18 .5	4 .2
Professional Specialty

043-199	834	2,146,121	76 .5	33 .6	7 .4	14 .9	3 .5
Technicians & Related Support	203-235	184	375,791	58 .3	28 .5	3 .9	14 .8	2 .3
Sales

243-285	1377	2,459,394	71 .8	26 .6	9 .3	20 .0	6 .5
Administrative Support

303-389	1356	2,742,336	83 .6	31 .3	7 .9	16 .6	2 .9
Private Household

403-407	108	157,104	90 .0	33 .2	*	*	*
Protective Service

413-427	103	158,382	36 .3	22 .5	*	15 .1	11 .0
Service	433-469	1841	3,788,388	71 .8	29 .6	9 .8	20 .4	6 .6

Table 8.1 (continued) Percentage of Part-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Occupation Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Farming, Fishing & Forestry	473-499	146	254,629	24 .3	27 .4	17 .6	27 .7	12 .4
Precision Production & Repair	503-549	85	176,856	5 .6	30 .1	*	*	*
Construction

553-599	169	286,073	4 .2	28 .1	28 .7	*	25 .1
Extractive & Precision Production	613-699	73	175,925	54 .9	32 .9	*	*	*
Machine Operators & Inspectors	703-799	169	385,240	58 .5	30 .1	7 .1	13 .1	*
Transportation & Material Moving	803-859	199	426,123	32 .0	30 .9	17 .2	*	*
Handlers, Helpers & Laborers

863-889	492	809,147	18 .9	26 .3	15 .3	27 .2	13 .5

Note: The standard codes are derived from the U.S. Department of Labor standard classification system. See Appendix C for specific codes and occupations. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 8.2 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Occupation Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total

33,505	77,011,853	41 .4	34 .7	7 .3	15 .0	7 .1
Executive, Administrative & Managerial	003-037	4,635	11,785,533	41 .1	36 .7	5 .6	12 .2	5 .5
Professional Specialty

043-199	4,970	11,764,485	49 .8	36 .8	5 .0	12 .2	3 .9
Technicians & Related Support	203-235	1,515	3,356,926	45 .9	34 .6	4 .5	12 .2	5 .4
Sales

243-285	4,735	7,446,031	42 .1	33 .7	7 .8	15 .6	5 .6
Administrative Support

303-389	6,964	10,297,381	76 .5	34 .0	5 .4	13 .7	4 .1
Private Household

403-407	275	194,443	97 .5	30 .6	5 .5	15 .0	3 .4
Protective Service

413-427	878	1,642,642	10 .6	33 .7	3 .4	7 .6	9 .4
Service

433-469	5,635	6,391,145	64 .6	32 .6	11 .3	20 .6	8 .8

Table 8.2 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Occupation Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Occupation Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Farming, Fishing & Forestry	473-499	761	1,498,255	12 .4	32 .1	8 .0	14 .9	10 .1
Precision Production & Repair	503-549	1,266	3,179,340	2 .8	35 .3	9 .0	16 .3	12 .2
Construction

553-599	1,667	3,493,144	2 .9	33 .7	14 .4	21 .9	14 .0
Extractive & Precision Production	613-699	1,138	3,242,738	18 .5	34 .9	7 .9	16 .0	8 .6
Machine Operators & Inspectors	703-799	2,585	5,622,612	38 .5	33 .3	7 .8	15 .2	7 .3
Transportation & Material Moving	803-859	1,577	3,466,042	7 .4	35 .9	7 .2	14 .9	12 .6
Handlers, Helpers & Laborers

863-889	2,027	2,989,927	18 .6	31 .2	11 .8	23 .3	13 .9

Note: The standard codes are derived from the U.S. Department of Labor standard classification system. See Appendix C for specific codes and occupations. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 8.3 Percentage of Part-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Industry Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total

7558	15,292,031	66 .9	27 .0	9 .8	19 .3	6 .4
Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries	010-031	146	229,348	31 .1	29 .0	16 .9	26 .3	13 .5
Mining

040-050	8	22,745	4 .8	30 .9	*	*	*
Construction

060	314	692,213	22 .8	30 .5	18 .6	30 .7	21 .7
Manufacturing, Nondurable Goods	100-222	190	420,964	59 .1	30 .4	9 .0	12 .0	*
Manufacturing, Durable Goods	230-392	137	291,839	56 .7	31 .4	*	17 .4	2 .5
Transportation, Communications & Other Utilities	400-472	301	513,579	41 .9	28 .5	7 .8	14 .8	6 .0
Wholesale Trade, Durable Goods	500-532	51	107,191	75 .7	30 .9	*	*	*
Wholesale Trade, Nondurable Goods	540-571	126	194,748	65 .6	30 .5	*	*	*
Retail Trade

580-691	2528	4,800,651	62 .3	26 .7	11 .2	23 .6	7 .6

Table 8.3 (continued) Percentage of Part-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Industry Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate	700-712	318	614,823	80 .3	29 .6	5 .2	16 .6	1 .0
Business & Repair Services	721-760	646	1,125,405	65 .4	29 .9	10 .8	20 .9	7 .6
Personal Services

761-791	444	875,742	86 .8	32 .0	9 .0	16 .6	5 .5
Entertainment & Recreation	800-802	196	348,358	41 .4	25 .6	15 .5	33 .8	7 .2
Professional & Related Services	812-892	1925	4,649,192	81 .0	33 .2	6 .6	13 .6	3 .1
Public Administration

900-932	134	254,216	61 .7	35 .1	*	10 .8	6 .6

Note: The standard codes are derived from the U.S. Department of Labor standard classification system. See Appendix C for specific codes and industries. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

*Low precision; no estimate reported.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Table 8.4 Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Industry Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Total

33,505	77,011,853	41 .4	34 .7	7 .3	15 .0	7 .1
Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries	010-031	773	1,531,926	20 .3	32 .3	6 .2	15 .3	8 .0
Mining

040-050	131	501,375	5 .6	35 .6	9 .3	12 .9	14 .6
Construction

060	2,273	5,304,081	7 .5	33 .7	12 .2	20 .6	13 .4
Manufacturing, Nondurable Goods	100-222	2,340	5,834,234	38 .6	33 .9	6 .9	14 .6	6 .9
Manufacturing, Durable Goods	230-392	2,940	9,234,469	28 .5	35 .2	6 .7	14 .7	7 .7
Transportation, Communications & Other Utilities	400-472	2,633	6,127,293	26 .0	36 .2	5 .7	13 .6	7 .3
Wholesale Trade, Durable Goods	500-532	588	1,484,902	22 .5	34 .4	9 .4	16 .4	8 .4
Wholesale Trade, Nondurable Goods	540-571	932	1,918,578	27 .6	34 .9	6 .9	14 .8	11 .8
Retail Trade

580-691	5,187	10,413,990	45 .5	31 .6	10 .8	19 .7	8 .8

Table 8.4 (continued) Percentage of Full-Time Workers, Ages 18-49, Reporting Drug Use, by Industry Categories, 1991-1993
Percentage Reporting Drug Use

Industry Category

Standard Codes

Unweighted Sample Size

Estimated Population Size

Percent Female

Average Age	Current Illicit Drug Use	Past Year Illicit Drug Use	Heavy Alcohol Use
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate	700-712	2,464	4,801,621	57 .4	34 .6	5 .4	14 .6	4 .5
Business & Repair Services	721-760	2,481	4,586,556	28 .0	34 .3	11 .1	19 .8	9 .7
Personal Services

761-791	1,251	2,277,289	63 .6	33 .8	10 .3	19 .3	5 .8
Entertainment & Recreation	800-802	434	854,674	27 .2	33 .2	13 .7	24 .3	6 .7
Professional & Related Services	812-892	6,665	16,877,039	67 .4	36 .4	4 .2	10 .4	3 .2
Public Administration

900-932	2,096	4,432,393	39 .2	36 .1	3 .5	8 .5	6 .8

Note: The standard codes are derived from the U.S. Department of Labor standard classification system. See Appendix C for specific codes and industries. Heavy alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on five or more occasions during the previous 30 days.

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-1993.

Appendix A

NHSDA Questionnaire Items Used

Appendix A	NHSDA Questionnaire Items Used (in the order that they appear in the questionnaire)

(1) Heavy Alcohol Use:	On about how many days did you have five or more drinks of beer, wine, or liquor on the same occasion during the past 30 days? (Again, by drink we mean a can of bottle or beer, a glass or wine or champagne, a shot glass of hard liquor, or a mixed drink, like a glass of gin and tonic. By "occasion" we mean at the same time or within a couple of hours or each other.)

(2) Current and Past Year Illicit Drug Use:

When was the most recent time that you used [name of drug]? (note: the questions that asked about prescription-type drugs such as analgesics, sedatives, and tranquilizers specified use for non-medical reasons and excluded over-the-counter drugs).

(3) Drug Testing:	During the past 12 months, have you been required by your employer to take a drug test?

(4) Age:	What is your date of birth?

(5) Marital Status:	Which of the following best describes your current marital status?

Married,

Widowed,

Divorced or separated, or

Have you never married?

(6) Work Status:	Which of the statements describes your present work situation:

Working Full-Time, 35 or more hours per week;

Working Part-Time, Less than 35 hours per week;

Have a job, but not at work because of extended illness, maternity leave, furlough, or strike;

Unemployed or laid off and looking for work;

Unemployed and not looking for work;

Full-Time homemaker;

In school only;

Retired;

Disabled, not able to work;

Or something else?

(7) Occupation:	What is/was your occupation or job title?

(8) Occupation:	What kind of work (are/were) you (last) doing; that is, what (are/were) your most important activities or duties in your job?

(9) Industry:	In what type of business or industry (is/was) this; that is, what product (is/was) made or what service (is/was) offered?

(10) Number of jobs:	How many different jobs have you had in the past five years?

(11) Missed work due to illness or injury:

During the last 30 days, how many days of work did you miss because you were sick or injured?

(12) Skipped work:	During the last 30 days, how many days of work did you miss because you just didn't want to be there?

Appendix B

Analytic Methods

Appendix B Analytic Methods

1. Prevalence Estimates

In order to obtain accurate estimates of the percentage of reported illicit drug use and heavy alcohol use, the weighted percentage is used. A weight, based on specific sampling criteria,5 was assigned to each respondent and indicates how many members of the target population he or she represents. The sum of these weights equals the estimated population size. Therefore, the percentage of full-time workers who reported current illicit drug use indicates the percentage of the estimated population size, and not merely the percentage of actual respondents. SUDAAN 6.3, a software package designed for the analysis of surveys which utilize a complex sampling design (such as the NHSDA), was used to compute the prevalence estimates and their accompanying standard errors.

2. Suppression Rule

As in other SAMHSA publications which use NHSDA data, estimates with low precision are not reported. The criterion used for suppressing estimates is based on the relative standard error (RSE). The RSE is defined as the ratio of the standard error of the estimate over the estimate. For this report, as well as others, the log transformation of the proportion estimate is used to calculate the RSE. Specifically, percentages are suppressed if

or

For computational purposes, this is equivalent to

or

where SE(p) equals the standard error estimate of p. The log transformation of p is used to provide a more balanced treatment of measuring the quality of small, large, and intermediate p values. The switch to (1-p) for p greater than 0.5 provides a symmetric suppression rule across the range of possible p values.

3. Statistical Significance of Differences

This section describes the methods used to compare prevalence estimates when they are stratified (e.g., by gender or marital status; see Tables 4.1-4.4) within the occupation and industry categories. Normally, the observed difference between estimates is evaluated in terms of statistical significance. This term refers to the probability that a difference as large as that observed would occur due to random error in the estimates if there were no difference in the prevalence for the population groups being compared. The significance of a particular difference referred to in the above text is at the 0.05 probability level. However, the reader may wish to compare prevalence estimates from two groups for which significance of the difference is not reported.

For comparing percentage estimates for two groups, the following test statistic (referred to as the z statistic) is used:

where:

p1 = estimated proportion from first group

p2 = estimated proportion from second group

var(p1) = variance estimate for p1

var(p2) = variance estimate for p2

cov(p1,p2) = estimate of covariance of p1 and p2

Under the null hypothesis of no difference in percentages, z is asymptotically distributed as a normal random variable; calculated values of z may, therefore, be referred to the unit normal distribution to determine the corresponding probability level (i.e., p value). Two multiplied by the covariance is subtracted in the denominator of the above formula since there is a small positive covariance between the estimates due to the individuals who share sampling units.

4. Direct Age Adjustment used in Tables 4.3 and 4.4

As with many studies that compare population attributes by marital status, the NHSDA indicates that respondents who are married tend to be significantly older than those who are unmarried (either never married, divorced, or separated). Since older people are also less likely overall to report illicit drug and heavy alcohol use, one runs the risk of attributing an association between age and drug use to marital status in this type of analysis. Therefore, the estimates in Tables 4.3 and 4.4 were age-adjusted through a statistical procedure known as direct standardization. This procedure eliminates differences in the age composition between the two marital status groups in each occupation and industry. Thus, differences in the percentage of illicit drug or heavy alcohol use between the married and unmarried respondents in each respective category are not attributable to age.

Direct standardization uses a standard population to derive the age-adjusted estimates. The standard population used in Tables 4.3 and 4.4 is the combined NHSDA 1991-1993 sample of full-time workers ages 18-49. The age distribution is estimated as the weighted proportion of respondents in the following age groups: 18-25 (16 percent), 26-34 (33.4 percent), and 35-49 (50.6 percent). The formula for direct standardization is:

or

where ma = da/Pa = age-specific drug or alcohol prevalence in a given marital status group, Pa is the standard population in each age group, and P or Pa is the total standard population.6 Each age-specific estimate is multiplied by the proportion of the standard population in each group. The result, in effect, controls for the effects of age on the estimated prevalence of illicit drug and heavy alcohol use between the marital status groups within occupations and industries.

Appendix C

U.S. Department of Labor Standard

Occupation and Industry Codes

Equivalent numeric codes follow the alphabetic code. Either code may be used, depending on the processing method. Numbers in parentheses following the occupation categories are the 1990 Standard Occupational Classification code equivalents. The abbreviation "pt" means "part" and " n.e.c." means "not elsewhere classified."

Occupation

Code	Occupation Category

MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS

Executive, Administrative, and Managerial Occupations

003	Legislators (111)

004	Chief executives and general administrators, public administration

005	Administrators and officials, public administration (1132-1139)

006	Administrators, protective services (1131)

007	Financial managers (122)

008	Personnel and labor relations managers (123)

009	Purchasing managers (124)

013	Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations (125)

014	Administrators, education and related fields (128)

015	Managers, medicine and health (131)

016	Post masters and mail superintendents (1344)

017	Managers, food serving and lodging establishments (1351)

018	Managers, properties and real estate (1353)

019	Funeral directors (pt 1359)

Management related occupations

021	Managers, service organizations, n.e.c. (127, 1352, 1354, pt 1359)

022	Managers and administrators, n.e.c. (121, 126, 132-1343, 136-139)

023	Accountants and auditors (1412)

024	Underwriters (1414)

025	Other financial officers (1415, 1419)

026	Management analysts (142)

027	Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists (143)

028	Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products (1443)

029	Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products (1442)

033	Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c. (1449)

Occupation

Code	Occupation Category

034	Business and promotion agents (145)

035	Construction inspectors (1472)

036	Inspectors and compliance officers, exc. construction (1473)

037	Management related occupations, n.e.c. (149)

Professional Specialty Occupations

043	Architects (161)

Engineers, surveyors and mapping scientists

044	Aerospace engineers (1622)

045	Metallurgical and materials engineers (1623)

046	Mining engineers (1624)

047	Petroleum engineers (1625)

048	Chemical engineers (1626)

049	Nuclear engineers (1627)

053	Civil engineers (1628)

054	Agricultural engineers (1632)

055	Electrical and electronic engineers (1633, 1636)

056	Industrial engineers (1634)

057	Mechanical engineers (1635)

058	Marine engineers and naval architects (1637)

059	Engineers, n.e.c. (1639)

063	Surveyors and mapping scientists (164)

Mathematical and computer scientists

064	Computer systems analysts and scientists (171)

065	Operations and systems researchers and analysts (172)

066	Actuaries (1732)

067	Statisticians (1733)

068	Mathematical scientists, n.e.c. (1739)

Natural Scientists

069	Physicists and astronomers (1842, 1843)

073	Chemists, except biochemists (1845)

074	Atmospheric and space scientists (1846)

075	Geologists and geodesists (1847)

076	Physical scientists, n.e.c. (1849)

077	Agricultural and food scientists (1853)

078	Biological and life scientist (1854, 1854)

079	Forestry and conservation scientists (1852)

083	Medical scientists (1855)

Health diagnosing occupations

084	Physicians (261)

085	Dentists (262)

086	Veterinarians (27)

087	Optometrists (281)

088	Podiatrists (283)

089	Health diagnosing practitioners, n.e.c. (289)

Health assessment and treating occupations

095	Registered nurses (29)

096	Pharmacists (301)

097	Dietitians (302)

Therapists

098	Respiratory therapists (3031)

099	Occupational therapists (3032)

103	Physical therapists (3033)

104	Speech therapists (3034)

105	Therapists, n.e.c. (3039)

106	Physicians' assistants (304)

Teachers, postsecondary

113	Earth, environmental, and marine science teachers (2212)

114	Biological science teachers (2213)

115	Chemistry teachers (2214)

116	Physics teachers (2215)

117	Natural science teachers, n.e.c. (2216)

118	Psychology teachers (2217)

119	Economics teachers (2218)

123	History teachers (2222)

124	Political science teachers (2223)

125	Sociology teachers (2224)

126	Social science teachers, n.e.c. (2225)

127	Engineering teachers (2226)

128	Mathematical science teachers (2227)

129	Computer science teachers (2228)

133	Medical science teachers (2231)

134	Health specialties teachers (2232)

135	Business, commerce, and marketing teachers (2233)

136	Agriculture and forestry teachers (2234)

137	Art, drama, and music teachers (2235)

138	Physical education teachers (2236)

139	Education teachers (2237)

143	English teachers (2238)

144	Foreign language teachers (2242)

145	Law teachers (2243)

146	Social work teachers (2244)

147	Theology teachers (2245)

148	Trade and industrial teachers (2246)

149	Home economics teachers (2247)

153	Teachers, postsecondary, n.e.c. (2249)

154	Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified

Teachers, except postsecondary

155	Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten (231)

156	Teachers, elementary school (232)

157	Teachers, secondary school (233)

158	Teachers, special education (235)

159	Teachers, n.e.c. (236, 239)

163	Counselors, educational and vocational (24)

Librarians, archivists, and curators

164	Librarians (251)

165	Archivists and curators (252)

Social scientists and urban planners

166	Economists (1912)

167	Psychologists (1915)

168	Sociologists (1916)

169	Social scientists, n.e.c. (1913, 1914, 1919)

173	Urban planners (192)

Social, recreation, and religious workers

174	Social workers (2032)

175	Recreation workers (2033)

176	Clergy (2042)

177	Religious workers, n.e.c. (2049)

Lawyers and judges

178	Lawyers (211)

179	Judges (212)

Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes

183	Authors (321)

184	Technical writers (398)

185	Designers (322)

186	Musicians and composers (323)

187	Actors and directors (324)

188	Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers (325)

189	Photographers (326)

193	Dancers (327)

194	Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c. (328,329)

195	Editors and reporters (331)

197	Public relations specialists (332)

198	Announcers (333)

199	Athletes (34)

TECHNICAL, SALES, AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS

Technicians and Related Support Occupations

Health technologists and technicians

203	Clinical laboratory, technologists, and technicians (362)

204	Dental hygienists (363)

205	Health record technologists and technicians (364)

206	Radiologic technicians (365)

207	Licensed practical nurses (366)

208	Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c. (369)

Technologists and technicians, except health

Engineering and related technologists and technicians

213	Electrical and electronic technicians (3711)

214	Industrial engineering technicians (3712)

215	Mechanical engineering technicians (3713)

216	Engineering technicians, n.e.c. (3719)

217	Drafting occupations (372)

218	Surveying and mapping technicians (373)

Science technicians

223	Biological technicians (382)

224	Chemical technicians (3831)

225	Science technicians, n.e.c. (3832, 3833, 384, 389)

Technicians, except health, engineering, and science

226	Airplane pilots and navigators (825)

227	Air traffic controllers (392)

228	Broadcast equipment operators (393)

229	Computer programmers (3971,3972)

233	Tool programmers, numerical control (3974)

234	Legal assistants (396)

235	Technicians, n.e.c. (399)

Sales Occupations

243	Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations (40)

Sales occupations, business goods and services

253	Insurance sales occupations (4122)

254	Real estate sales occupations (4123)

255	Securities and financial services sales occupations (4124)

256	Advertising and related sales occupations (4153)

257	Sales occupations, other business services (4152)

258	Sales engineers (421)

259	Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale (423, 4235)

Sales occupations, personal goods and services

263	Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats (4342, 4344)

264	Sales workers, apparel (4346)

265	Sales workers, shoes (4351)

266	Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings (4348)

267	Sales workers' radio,television, hi-fi, and appliances (4343, 4352)

268	Sales workers, hardware and building supplies (4353)

269	Sales workers, parts (4367)

274	Sales workers, other commodities (4345, 4347, 4354, 4356, 4359, 4349)

275	Sales counter clerks (pt 4363)

276	Cashiers (4364)

277	Street and door-to-door sales workers (4366)

278	News vendors (4365)

Sales related occupations

283	Demonstrators, promoters and models, sales (445)

284	Auctioneers (447)

285	Sales support occupations,n.e.c (444, 446, 449)

Administrative Support Occupations, Including Clerical

Supervisors, administrative support occupations

303	Supervisors, general office (4511, 4513, 4514, 4516, 4519, 4529)

304	Supervisors, computer equipment operators (4512)

305	Supervisors, financial records processing (4521)

306	Chief communications operators (4523)

307	Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, & adjusting clerks (4522, 4524)

Computer equipment operators

308	Computer operators (4612)

309	Peripheral equipment operators (4613)

313	Secretaries (4622)

314	Stenographers (4623)

315	Typists (4624)

Information clerks

316	Interviewers (4642)

317	Hotel clerks (4643)

318	Transportation ticket and reservation agents (4644)

319	Receptionists (4645)

323	Information clerks, n.e.c. (4649)

Records processing occupations, except financial

325	Classified-ad clerks (4662)

326	Correspondence clerks (4663)

327	Order clerks (4664)

328	Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping (4692)

329	Library clerks (4694)

335	File clerks (4696)

336	Records clerks (4699)

Financial records processing occupations

337	Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks (4712)

338	Payroll and timekeeping clerks (4713)

339	Billing clerks (4715)

343	Cost and rate clerks (4716)

344	Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators (4718)

Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators

345	Duplicating machine operators	(4722)

346	Mail preparing and paper handling machine operators (4723)

347	Office machine operators, n.e.c. (4729)

Communications equipment operators

348	Telephone operators (4732)

353	Communications equipment operators, n.e.c. (4733, 4739)

Mail and message distributing occupations

354	Postal clerks, exc. mail carriers (4742)

355	Mail carriers, postal service (4743)

356	Mail clerks, exc. postal service (4744)

357	Messengers (4745)

Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks, n.e.c.

359	Dispatchers (4751)

363	Production Coordinators (4752)

364	Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks (4753)

365	Stock and inventory clerks (4754)

366	Meter readers (4755)

368	Weighers, measurers, checkers and samplers (4756, 4757)

373	Expediters (4758)

374	Material recording,scheduling, and distributing clerks, n.e.c.(4759)

Adjusters and investigators

375	Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators (4782)

376	Investigators and adjusters, except insurance (4783)

377	Eligibility clerks, social welfare (4784)

378	Bill and account collectors (4786)

Miscellaneous administrative support occupations

379	General office clerks (463)

383	Bank tellers (4791)

384	Proofreaders (4792)

385	Data-entry keyers (4793)

386	Statistical clerks (4794)

387	Teachers' aides (4795)

389	Administrative support occupations, n.e.c. (4787,4799)

SERVICE OCCUPATIONS

Private Household Occupations

403	Launderers and ironers (503)

404	Cooks, private household (504)

405	Housekeepers and butlers (505)

406	Child care workers, private household (506)

407	Private household cleaners and servants (502, 507, 509)

Protective Service Occupations

Supervisors, protective service occupations

413	Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations (5111)

414	Supervisors, police and detectives (5112)

415	Supervisors, guards (5113)

Firefighting and fire prevention occupations

416	Fire inspection and fire prevention occupations (5122)

417	Firefighting occupations (5123)

Police and detectives

418	Police and detectives, public service (5132)

423	Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers (5134)

424	Correctional institution officers (5133)

Guards

425	Crossing guards (5142)

426	Guards and police, exc. public service (5144)

427	Protective service occupations, n.e.c. (5149)

Service Occupations, Except Protective and Private Household

Food preparation and service occupations

433	Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations (5211)

434	Bartenders (5212)

435	Waiters and waitresses (5213)

436	Cooks (5214, 5215)

438	Food counter, fountain and related occupations (5216)

439	Kitchen workers, food preparation (5217)

443	Waiters'/waitresses' assistants (5218)

444	Miscellaneous food preparation occupations (5219)

Health service occupations

445	Dental assistants (5232)

446	Health aides, except nursing (5233)

447	Nursing aides, orderlies,and attendants (5236)

Cleaning and building service occupations, except private household

448	Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers (5241)

449	Maids and housemen (5242,5249)

453	Janitors and cleaners (5244)

454	Elevator operators (5245)

455	Pest control occupations (5246)

Personal service occupations

456	Supervisors, personal service occupations (5251)

457	Barbers (5252)

458	Hairdressers and cosmetologists (5253)

459	Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities (5254)

461	Guides (5255)

462	Ushers (5256)

463	Public transportation attendants (5257)

464	Baggage porters and bellhops (5262)

465	Welfare service aides (5263)

466	Family child care providers (pt 5264)

467	Early childhood teacher's assistants (pt 5264)

468	Child care workers, n.e.c. (pt 5264)

469	Personal service occupations, n.e.c. (5258, 5269)

FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS

Farm operators and managers

473	Farmers, except horticultural (5512-5514)

474	Horticultural specialty farmers (5515)

475	Managers, farms, except horticultural (5522-5524)

476	Managers, horticultural specialty farms (5525)

Other agricultural and related occupations

Farm occupations, except managerial

477	Supervisors, farm workers (5611)

479	Farm workers (5612-5617)

483	Marine life cultivation workers (5618)

484	Nursery workers (5619)

Related agricultural occupations

485	Supervisors, related agricultural occupations (5621)

486	Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm (5622)

487	Animal caretakers, except farm (5624)

488	Graders and sorters,agricultural products (5625)

489	Inspectors, agricultural products (5627)

Forestry and logging occupations

494	Supervisors, forestry and logging workers (571)

495	Forestry workers, except logging (572)

496	Timber cutting and logging occupations (573, 579)

Fishers, hunters, and trappers

497	Captains and other officers, fishing vessels (pt 8241)

498	Fishers (583)

499	Hunters and trappers (584)

PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR OCCUPATIONS

Mechanics and repairers

503	Supervisors, mechanics and repairers (60)

Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers

505	Automobile mechanics (pt 6111)

506	Automobile mechanic apprentices (pt 6111)

507	Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics (6112)

508	Aircraft engine mechanics (6113)

509	Small engine repairers (6114)

514	Automobile body and related repairers (6115)

515	Aircraft mechanics, exc. engine (6116)

516	Heavy equipment mechanics (6117)

517	Farm equipment mechanics (6118)

518	Industrial machinery repairers (613)

519	Machinery maintenance occupations (614)

Electrical and electronic equipment repairers

523	Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment

525	Data processing equipment repairers (6154)

526	Household appliance and power tool repairers (6156)

527	Telephone line installers and repairers (6157)

529	Telephone installers and repairers (6158)

533	Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers (6159)

534	Heating, air conditioning,and refrigeration mechanics (616)

Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers

535	Camera, watch, and musical instrument repairers (6171, 6172)

536	Locksmiths and saw repairers (6173)

538	Office machine repairers (6174)

539	Mechanical controls and valve repairers (6175)

543	Elevator installers and repairers (6176)

544	Millwrights (6178)

547	Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c. (6177,6179)

549	Not specified mechanics and repairers

Construction trades

Supervisors, construction occupations

553	Supervisors; brickmasons,stonemasons, and tile setters (6312)

554	Supervisors, carpenters and related workers (6313)

555	Supervisors; electricians and power transmission installers (631

556	Supervisors, painters,paperhangers, and plasterers (6315)

557	Supervisors; plumbers,pipefitters, and steamfitters (6316)

558	Supervisors, n.e.c. (6311,6318)

Construction trades, except supervisors

563	Brickmasons and stonemasons (pt 6412, pt 6413)

564	Brickmason and stonemason apprentices (pt 6412, pt 6413)

565	Tile setters, hard and soft (pt 6414, pt 6462)

566	Carpet installers (pt 6462)

567	Carpenters (pt 6422)

569	Carpenter apprentices (pt 6422)

573	Drywall installers (6424)

575	Electricians (6432)

576	Electrician apprentices (pt 6432)

577	Electrical power installers and repairers (6433)

579	Painters, construction and maintenance (6442)

583	Paperhangers (6443)

584	Plasterers (6444)

585	Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters (pt 645)

587	Plumber, pipefitter, and steam fitter apprentices (pt 645)

588	Concrete and terrazzo finishers (6463)

589	Glaziers (6464)

593	Insulation workers (6465)

594	Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators (6466)

595	Roofers (6468)

596	Sheetmetal duct installers (6472)

597	Structural metal workers (6473)

598	Drillers, earth (6474)

599	Construction trades, n.e.c. (6467, 6475, 6476, 6479)

Extractive Occupations

613	Supervisors, extractive occupations (632)

614	Drillers, oil well (652)

615	Explosives workers (653)

616	Mining machine operators (654)

617	Mining occupations, n.e.c. (656)

628	Supervisors, production occupations (67, 71)

Precision metal working occupations

634	Tool and die makers (pt 6811)

635	Tool and die maker apprentices (pt 6811)

636	Precision assemblers, metal (6812)

637	Machinists (pt 6813)

639	Machinist apprentices (pt 6813)

643	Boilermakers (6814)

644	Precision grinders, fitters, and tool sharpeners (6816)

645	Patternmakers and model makers, metal (6817)

646	Lay-out workers (6821)

647	Precious stones and metals workers (jewelers) (6822,6866)

649	Engravers, metal (6823)

653	Sheet metal workers (pt 6824)

654	Sheet metal worker apprentices (pt 6824)

655	Miscellaneous precision metal workers(6829)

Precision woodworking occupations

656	Patternmakers and model makers, wood (6831)

657	Cabinet makers and bench carpenters (6832)

658	Furniture and wood finishers (6835)

659	Miscellaneous precision woodworkers (6839)

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers

666	Dressmakers (pt 6852, pt 7752)

667	Tailors (pt 6852)

668	Upholsterers (6853)

669	Show repairers (6854)

674	Miscellaneous precision apparel and fabric workers (6856, 6859, 686)

Precision workers, assorted materials

675	Hand molders and shapers, except jewelers (6861)

676	Patternmakers, lay-out workers, and cutters (6862)

677	Optical goods workers (6864, pt 7477, pt 7677)

678	Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians (6865)

679	Bookbinders (6844)

683	Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers (6867)

684	Miscellaneous Precision workers,n.e.c. (6869)

Precision food production occupations

686	Butchers and meat cutters (7271)

687	Bakers (7272)

688	Food batchmakers (7273, 7279)

Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers

689	Inspectors, testers, and graders (6881, 828)

693	Adjusters and calibrators (6882)

Plant and system operators

694	Water and sewage treatment plant operators (691)

695	Power plant operators (pt 693)

696	Stationary engineers (pt 693, 7668)

699	Miscellaneous plant and system operators (692, 694,695, 696)

OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS

Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors

Machine operators and tenders, except precision

Metalworking and plastic working machine operators

703	Lathe and turning machine set-up operators (7312)

704	Lathe and turning machine operators (7512)

705	Milling and planing machine operators (7313, 7513)

706	Punching and stamping press machine operators (7314, 7317, 7514, 7515)

707	Rolling machine operators (7316, 7516)

708	Drilling and boring machine operators (7318, 7518)

709	Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators (7322)

713	Forging machine operators (7319, 7519)

714	Numerical control machine operators (7326)

715	Miscellaneous metal, plastic, stone, and glass working machine operators (7349)

717	Fabricating machine operators, n.e.c. (7339,7539)

719	Molding and casting machine operators (7315, 7342,7515, 7542)

723	Metal plating machine operators (7343, 7543)

724	Heat treating equipment operators (7344, 7544)

725	Miscellaneous metal and plastic processing machine operators (7329)

Woodworking machine operators

726	Wood lathe, routing, and planing machine operators (7431, 7432, 7439, 7631, 7632)

727	Sawing machine operators (7433, 7633)

728	Shaping and joining machine operators (7435, 7635)

729	Nailing and tacking machine operators (7636)

733	Miscellaneous woodworking machine operators (7434,7439, 7634, 76)

Printing machine operators

734	Printing press operators (7443, 7643)

735	Photoengravers and lithographers (6842, 7444,7644)

736	Typesetters and compositors (6841, 7642)

737	Miscellaneous printing machine operators (6849, 7449, 7649)

Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators

738	Winding and twisting machine operators (7451,7651)

739	Knitting, looping, taping,and weaving machine operators (7452, 7459)

743	Textile cutting machine operators (7654)

744	Textile sewing machine operators (7655)

745	Shoe machine operators (7656)

747	Pressing machine operators (7657)

748	Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators (6855,7658)

749	Miscellaneous textile machine operators (7459, 7659)

Machine operators, assorted materials

753	Cementing and gluing machine operators (7661)

754	Packaging and filling machine operators (7462,7662)

755	Extruding and forming machine operators (7463,7663)

756	Mixing and blending machine operators (7664)

757	Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators (7476, 7479)

758	Compressing and compacting machine operators (7467,7667)

759	Painting and paint spraying machine operators (7669)

763	Roasting and baking machine operators, food (7472,7672)

764	Washing, cleaning, and pickling machine operators (7673)

765	Folding machine operators (7474. 7674)

766	Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc. food (7675)

768	Crushing and grinding machine operators (pt 7477, pt 7677)

769	Slicing and cutting machine operators (7478, 7678)

773	Motion picture projectionists (pt 7679)

774	Photographic process machine operators (6863, 6868, 7671)

777	Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c. (pt 7479,7665, 7679)

779	Machine operators, not specified

Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations

783	Welders and cutters (7332,7532, 7714)

784	Solderers and brazers (7333, 7533, 7717)

785	Assemblers (772, 774)

786	Hand cutting and trimming occupations (7753)

787	Hand molding, casting, and forming occupations (7754,7755)

789	Hand painting, coating, and decorating occupations (7756)

793	Hand engraving and printing occupations (7757)

795	Miscellaneous hand working occupations (7758, 7759)

Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers

796	Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners (782, 787)

797	Production testers (783)

798	Production samplers and weighers (784)

799	Graders and sorters, except agricultural (785)

Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

Motor vehicle operators

803	Supervisors, motor vehicle operators (8111)

804	Truck drivers (8212-8214)

806	Driver-sales workers (8218)

808	Bus drivers (8215)

809	Taxi cab drivers and chauffeurs (8216)

813	Parking lot attendants (874)

814	Motor transportation occupations, n.e.c. (8219)

Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles

Rail transportation occupations

823	Railroad conductors and yardmasters (8113)

824	Locomotive operating occupations (8232)

825	Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators (8233)

826	Rail vehicle operators, n.e.c. (8239)

Water transportation occupations

828	Ship captains and mates, except fishing boats (8241,8242)

829	Sailors and deckhands (8243)

833	Marine engineers (8244)

834	Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders (8245)

Materials moving equipment operators

843	Supervisors, material moving equipment operators (812)

844	Operating engineers (8312)

845	Longshore equipment operators (8313)

848	Hoist and winch operators (8314)

849	Crane and tower operators (8315)

853	Excavating and loading machine operators (8316)

855	Grader, dozer, and scraper operators (8317)

856	Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators (8318)

859	Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators (8319)

Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers

864	Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and laborers, n.e.c. (85)

Helpers, construction and extractive occupations

865	Helpers, mechanics and repairers (863)

866	Helpers, construction trades (8641-8645, 8648)

867	Helpers, surveyors (8646)

868	Helpers, extractive occupations (865)

869	Construction laborers (871)

874	Production helpers (861, 862)

Freight, stock, and material movers, hand

875	Garbage collectors (8722)

876	Stevedores (8723)

877	Stock handlers and baggers (8724)

878	Machine feeders and offbearers (8725)

883	Freight, stock, and material handlers, n.e.c. (8726)

885	Garage and service station related occupations (873)

887	Vehicle wasters and equipment cleaners (875)

888	Hand packers and packagers (8761)

889	Laborers, except construction (8769)

MILITARY

905	Military occupation, rank not specified

OCCUPATION NOT REPORTED1

990	Unemployed/not classified by occupation

1Code used when not-reported cases are not allocated

Equivalent numeric codes follow the alphabetic code. Either code may be used, depending on the processing method. Numbers in parentheses following the industry categories are the SIC definitions. The abbreviation "pt" means "part" and "n.e.c." means "not elsewhere classified."

Industry

Code	Industrial Category

AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES

010	Agricultural production, crops (01)

011	Agricultural production, livestock (02)

012	Veterinary services (074)

020	Lanscape and horticultural services (078)

030	Agricultural services, n.e.c. (071, 072, 075, 076)

031	Forestry (08)

032	Fishing, hunting, and trapping (09)

MINING

040	Metal mining (10)

041	Coal mining (12)

042	Oil and gas extraction (13)

050	Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuel (14)

B (060)	CONSTRUCTION (15, 16, 17)

MANUFACTURING

Nondurable Goods

Food and kindred products

100 MFG - Meat products (201)

101 MFG - Dairy products (202)

102 MFG - Canned, frozen, and preserved fruits

and vegetables (203)

110 MFG - Grain mill products (204)

111 MFG - Bakery products (205)

112 MFG - Sugar and confectionery products (206)

120 MFG - Beverage industries (208)

121 MFG - Miscellaneous food preparations and

kindred products (207, 209)

122 MFG - Not specified food industries

130	Tobacco manufactures (21)

Textile mill products

132	Knitting mills (225)

140	Dyeing and finishing textiles, except wool and knit goods (226)

141 MFG - Carpets and rugs (227)

142	Yarn, thread, and fabric mills (228, 221-224)

150	Miscellaneous textile mill products (229)

Industry

Code	Industrial Category

Apparel and other finished textile products

151 MFG - Apparel and accessories, except knit

(231-238)

152 MFG - Miscellaneous fabricated textile

products (239)

Paper and allied products

160	Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (261-263)

161 MFG - Miscellaneous paper and pulp products

(267)

162	Paperboard containers and boxes (265)

Printing, publishing and printing

171	Newspaper publishing and printing (271)

172	Printing, publishing, and allied industries, except newspapers (272)

Chemicals and allied products

180 MFG - Plastics, synthetics, and resins (282)

181 MFG - Drugs (283)

182 MFG - Soaps and cosmetics (284)

190 MFG - Paints, varnishes,and related products

(285)

191 MFG - Agricultural chemicals (287)

192 MFG - Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals

(281, 286, 289)

Petroleum and coal products

200 Petroleum refining (291)

201 MFG - Miscellaneous petroleum and coal

products (295, 299)

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products

210 MFG - Tires and inner tubes (301)

211 MFG - Other rubber products, and plastics

footwear and belting (301)

212 MFG - Miscellaneous plastics products (308)

Leather and leather products

220 Leather tanning and finishing (311)

221 MFG - Footwear, except rubber and plastic

(313, 314)

222 MFG - Leather products, except footwear

(315-317, 319)

Durable Goods

Lumber and wood products, except furniture

230	Logging (241)

231	Sawmills, planing mills, and millwork (242, 243)

232 MFG - Wood buildings and mobile homes

(245)

241 MFG - Miscellaneous wood products (244,

249)

242	MFG - Furniture and fixtures (25)

Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products

250 MFG - Glass and glass products (321-323)

251 MFG - Cement, concrete, gypsum, and plaster

products (324, 327)

252 MFG - Structural clay products (325)

261 MFG - Pottery and related products (326)

262 MFG - Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and

stone products (328, 329)

Metal industries

270 MFG - Blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling and

finishing mills (331, 333)

271 MFG - Iron and steel foundries (332)

272 MFG - Primary aluminum industries (3334,

pt 334, 3353-3355, 3363, 3365)

280 MFG - Other primary metal industries (3331,

3339, pt 334, 3351, 3366)

281 MFG - Cutlery, handtools, and general

hardware (342)

282 MFG - Fabricated structural metal products

(344)

290 MFG - Screw machine products (345)

291 MFG - Metal forgings and stampings (346)

292 MFG - Ordnance (348)

300 MFG - Miscellaneous fabricated metal products

(341, 343, 347, 349)

301 MFG - Not specified metal industries

Machinery, except electrical

310 MFG - Engines and turbines (351)

311 MFG - Farm machinery and equipment (352)

312 MFG - Construction and material handling

machines (353)

320 MFG - Metalworking machinery (354)

321 MFG - Office and accounting machines,

(3578, 3579)

322 MFG - Computers abnd related equipment

(3571-3577)

331 MFG - Machinery, except electrical, n.e.c.

(355, 356, 358, 359)

332 MFG - Not specified machinery

Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies

340 MFG - Household appliance (363)

341 MFG - Radio, TV, and communication

equipment (365, 366)

342 MFG - Electrical machinery, equipment, and	supplies, n.e.c. (361, 362)

350 MFG - Not specified electrical machinery,

equipment, and supplies

Transportation equipment

351 MFG - Motor vehicles and motor vehicle

equipment (371)

352 MFG - Aircraft and parts (372)

360 MFG - Ship and boat building and repairing

(373)

361 MFG - Railroad locomotives and equipment

(374)

362 MFG - Guided missiles, space vehicles, and

parts (376)

370 MFG - Cycles and miscellaneous transportation

equipment (375, 379)

Professional and photographic equipment, and watches

371 MFG - Scientific and controlling instruments

(381, 382, exc, 3827)

372 MFG - Medical, dental, and optical instruments

and supplies (3827, 3829)

380 MFG - Photographic equipment and supplies

(386)

381 MFG - Watches, clocks, and clockwork

operated devices (387)

390	MFG - Toys, amusement, and sporting goods (394)

391	Miscellaneous manufacturing industries (39 exc. 394)

392	Not specified manufacturing industries

TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES

Transportation

400	Railroads (40)

401	Bus service and urban transit (41, exc. 412)

402	Taxicab service (412)

410	Trucking service (421, 423)

411	Warehousing and storage (422)

412	U.S. Postal Service (43)

420	Water transportation (44)

421	Air transportation (45)

422	Pipe lines, except natural gas (46)

432	Services incidental to transportation (47)

Communications

440	Radio and television broadcasting and cable (483,484)

441	Telephone communications (481)

442	Telegraph and miscellaneous communication services (482, 489)

Utilities and sanitary services

450	Electric light and power (491)

451	Gas and steam supply systems (492, 496)

452	Electric and gas, and other combinations (493)

470	Water supply and irrigation (494, 497)

471	Sanitary services (495)

472	Not specified utilities

WHOLESALE TRADE

Durable Goods

500	WLS - Motor vehicles and equipment (501)

501	WLS - Furniture and home furnishings (502)

502	WLS - Lumber and construction materials (503)

510	WLS -Professional and commercial equipment and supplies (504)

511	WLS -Metals and minerals, except petroleum (505)

512	WLS -Electrical goods (506)

521	WLS -Hardware, plumbing and heating supplies (507)

530	WLS -Machinery, equipment, and supplies (508)

531	WLS -Scrap and waste materials (5093)

532	WLS -Miscellaneous wholesale, durable goods (509, exc. 5093)

Nondurable goods

540	WLS -Paper and paper products (511)

541	WLS -Drugs, chemicals, and allied products (512, 516)

542	WLS -Apparel, fabrics, and notions (513)

550	WLS -Groceries and related products (514)

551	WLS -Farm-product raw materials (515)

552	WLS -Petroleum products (517)

560	WLS -Alcoholic beverages (518)

561	WLS -Farm supplies (5191)

562	Miscellaneous wholesale, nondurable goods (5192-5199)

571	Not specified wholesale trade

RETAIL TRADE

580	Lumber and building material retailing (521, 523)

581	RTL - Hardware stores (525)

582	RTL - Retail nurseries and garden stores (526)

590	RTL - Mobile home dealers (527)

591	RTL - Department stores (531)

592	RTL - Variety stores (533)

600	RTL - Miscellaneous general merchandise stores (539)

601	RTL - Grocery stores (541)

602	RTL - Dairy products stores (545)

610	RTL - Retail bakeries (546)

611	RTL - Food stores, n.e.c. (542, 543, 544, 549)

612	RTL - Motor vehicle dealers (551, 552)

620	RTL - Auto and home supply stores (553)

621	RTL - Gasoline service stations (554)

622	RTL - Miscellaneous vehicle dealers (555, 556, 557, 559)

623	RTL - Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe (56, except 566)

630	RTL - Shoe stores (566)

631	RTL - Furniture and home furnishings stores (571)

632	RTL - Household appliance stores (572)

633	RTL - Radio, TV, and computer stores (5731, 5734)

640	RTL - Music stores (5735, 5736)

641	RTL - Eating and drinking places (58)

642	RTL - Drug stores (591)

650	RTL - Liquor stores (592)

651	RTL - Sporting goods, bicycles, and hobby stores (5941, 5945, 5946)

652	RTL - Book and stationery stores (5942, 5943)

660	RTL - Jewelry stores (5944)

661	RTL - Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops (5947)

662	RTL - Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores (5949)

663	RTL - Catalog and mail order houses (5961)

670	RTL - Vending machine operators (5962)

671	RTL - Direct selling establishments (5963)

672	RTL - Fuel dealers (598)

681	Retail florists (5992)

682	Miscellaneous retail stores (593, 5948, 5993-5995, 5999)

691	Not specified retail trade

FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL

ESTATE

700	Banking (60 exc. 603 and 606)

701	Savings institutions, including credit unions (603, 606)

702	Credit agencies, n.e.c. (61)

710	Security, commodity brokerage, and investment companies (62, 67)

711	Insurance (63, 64)

712	Real estate, including real estate-insurance offices (65)

BUSINESS AND REPAIR SERVICES

721	Advertising (731)

722	Services to dwellings and other buildings (734)

731	Personnel supply services (736)

732	Computer and data processing services (737)

740	Detective and protective services (7381, 7382)

741	Business services, n.e.c. (732, 733, 735, 7383-7389)

742	Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers (751)

750	Automobile parking and carwashes (752,7542)

751	Automotive repair and related services (753, 7549)

752	Electrical repair shops (762, 7694)

760	Miscellaneous repair services (763, 764, 7692, 7699)

PERSONAL SERVICES

761	Private households (88)

762	Hotels and motels (701)

770	Lodging places, except hotels and motels (702, 703, 704)

771	Laundry, cleaning, and garment services (721 exc pt 7219)

772	Beauty shops (723)

780	Barber shops (724)

781	Funeral service and crematories (726)

782	Shoe repair shops (725)

790	Dressmaking shops (pt 7219)

791	Miscellaneous personal services (722, 729)

ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES

800	Theaters and motion pictures (781-783, 792)

801	Video tape rental (784)

802	Bowling centers (793)

810	Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services (791, 794, 799)

PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES

812	Offices and clinics of physicians (801, 803)

820	Offices and clinics of dentists (802)

821	Offices and clinics of chiropractors (8041)

822	Offices and clinics of optometrists (8042)

830	Offices and clinics of health practitioners, n.e.c. (8043, 8049)

831	Hospitals (806)

832	Nursing and personal care facilities (805)

840	Health services, n.e.c. (807, 808, 809)

841	Legal services (81)

842	Elementary and secondary schools (821)

850	Colleges and universities (822)

851	Vocational schools (824)

852	Libraries (823)

860	Educational services, n.e.c. (829)

861	Job training and vocational rehabilitation services (833)

862	Child day care services (pt 835)

863	Family child care homes (pt 835)

870	Residential care facilities, without nursing (836)

871	Social services, n.e.c. (832, 839)

872	Museums, art galleries, and zoos (84)

873	Labor unions (863)

880	Religious organization (866)

881	Membership organizations, n.e.c. (861, 862, 864, 865, 869)

882	Engineering, architectural, and surveying services (871)

890	Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services (872)

891	Research, development, and testing services (873)

892	Management and public relations services (874)

893	Miscellaneous professional and related services (899)

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

900	Executive and legislative offices (911-913)

901	General government, n.e.c. (919)

910	Justice, public order, and safety (92)

921	Public finance, taxation, and monetary policy (93)

922	Administration of human resources programs (94)

930	Administration of environmental quality and housing programs (95)

931	Administration of economic programs (96)

932	National security and international affairs (97)

942	MILITARY DUTY

940	Army

941	Air Force

942	Navy

950	Marine

951	Coast Guard

952	Armed Forces, Branch not specified

960	Military Reserves or National Guard

990	INDUSTRY NOT REPORTED

992	Unemployed/not classified by industry

1Code used when not reported cases are not allocated.