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Planning and Risk Assessment

Knowledge is the essential first step to careful threat assessment and planning, which enable law enforcement decisionmakers to build a comprehensive and effective counter-terrorism strategy. The agencies, organizations, and resources listed below specialize in counter-terrorism and security expertise to build your knowledge pool.

Border Security & Immigration

Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)
C-TPAT is the first worldwide, government-business initiative that seeks to build cooperative relationships that strengthen the overall supply chain and border security. By participating in the initiative, businesses help reduce terrorism and benefit from access to the C-TPAT membership list and account-based processes. Interested persons should review the information available from the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection or contact Industry Partnership Programs at 202-927-0520 or industry.partnership@customs.treas.gov.

Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force
The mission of the Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force is to ensure that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, federal agencies coordinate programs to deny entry into the United States to aliens who are associated with, suspected of being engaged in, or supporting terrorist activity and locate, detain, prosecute, or deport any such aliens already present in the United States. The Attorney General and the Director of Central Intelligence are charged with ensuring, to the maximum extent permitted by law, that the task force has access to all available information necessary to perform its mission. When appropriate, cooperating countries are invited to serve as liaisons to the task force to expedite investigation and data sharing. Other federal entities, such as the Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons Coordination Center and the Foreign Leads Development Activity, provide the task force with any relevant information they possess concerning aliens suspected of engaging in or supporting terrorist activity.

Operation "ICE Storm"
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Operation ICE Storm—lead by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the largest investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security—will combat human smuggling and associated violence in Arizona and nationwide through combined immigration, smuggling, and financial investigative powers. The initiative also has a 24-hour tipline (1-866-DHS-2ICE) and the "ICE Storm Most Wanted List," which features fugitives linked to violent smuggling incidents in the Phoenix, Arizona area.

UnitedStatesVisas.gov
UnitedStatesVisas.gov serves as the official source of information about U.S. visa policies and procedures. It offers information about visa application processes, current requirements, and updates on recent developments.

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Critical Infrastructure

Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board
The Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, an independent federal agency established by Congress in 1988, is mandated by the Atomic Energy Act to provide safety oversight of the nuclear weapons complex operated by the Department of Energy (DOE). DOE maintains the readiness of the nuclear arsenal, dismantles surplus weapons, disposes of excess radioactive materials, cleans up surplus facilities, and constructs new facilities. The board ensures that all of these activities are carried out by DOE in a manner that provides adequate protection for the public, workers, and the environment.

National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC)
NIPC supports law enforcement counter-terrorism efforts by providing threat assessment, warning, investigation, and response for threats or attacks against critical infrastructures. NIPC has devised a Critical Infrastructure Protection Plan for the emergency law enforcement sector that provides agencies with guidance and tools for risk assessment and strategic planning.

National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center
Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories have partnered to leverage their existing research and development activities to establish a critical infrastructure modeling, simulation, and analysis center. The National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center has the unique capability to provide our nation's government and industry decisionmakers with the analytic predictive resources needed to help protect the nation's critical infrastructures.

North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC)
NERC is an industry-supported, nonprofit corporation striving to ensure that the bulk electric system in North America is reliable, adequate, and secure. It sets standards and monitors and enforces compliance with these standards for reliable systemwide operation. It also provides education and training resources and coordinates critical infrastructure protection.

NorthWest Warning, Alert & Response Network (NWWARN)
NWWARN is a collaborative effort between government and private sector partners in the state of Washington. The goal is to maximize real-time sharing of situational information without delay and provide immediate distribution of intelligence to those in the field who need to act on it. NWWARN is a pilot program of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Information Network—Critical Infrastructure initiative, a counterterrorism communications tool that strengthens the exchange of threat information among critical infrastructure officials, first responders, and owners and operators in 50 states, 5 territories, 50 major urban areas, and Washington, D.C.

Partnership for Critical Infrastructure Security
The mission of the Partnership is to coordinate cross-sector initiatives and to complement public-private efforts to promote the assurance of reliable provisions of critical infrastructure services in the face of emerging risks to economic and national security.

SouthWest Emergency Response Network (SWERN)
SWERN seeks to maximize real-time information sharing and alert notification with responders in the field so they can act immediately and accordingly. SWERN is a pilot program modeled after the FBI Dallas Emergency Response Network and is a part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Information Network—Critical Infrastructure initiative, a counterterrorism communications tool that strengthens the exchange of threat information among critical infrastructure officials, first responders, and owners and operators in 50 states, 5 territories, 50 major urban areas, and Washington, D.C.

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Cyberterrorism

Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS)
CERIAS takes a multidisciplinary approach to problems related to information assurance and security. Its web site describes its focus on research, education, and training, and includes targeted information sections for students, business and industry, govenrment, and the general public.

Computer Incident Advisory Capability (CIAC)
CIAC supports the U.S. Department of Energy community. CIAC's information professionals apply their cybersecurity expertise to help the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, and other national stakeholders prevent, detect, react to, and recover from cyberincidents. CIAC makes cybersecurity information publicly available through bulletins, "HoaxBusters," and related web site links.

Survey of Network Security and Insider Threats 2002-2004
U.S. Secret Service and CERT® Coordination Center
As part of an analysis of network, system, and database compromises committed by malicious insiders, the U.S. Secret Service and CERT®/CC at Carnegie Mellon University are conducting this anonymous survey that will be used to gauge the current prevalence of insider intrusions across all critical infrastructure sectors. Results will help inform a larger insider-threat study being conducted to develop accurate information about prior insider intrusions that can help identify and prevent future intrusions before they occur.

U.S. Computer Emergency Response Team (US-CERT)
US-CERT is charged with protecting the United States' Internet infrastructure by coordinating defense against and response to cyber attacks. It manages the National Cyber Alert System—America's first cohesive national cyber security system for identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing emerging vulnerabilities and threats. The system provides all citizens with free, timely, actionable information to better secure their computer systems.

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Domestic Security

American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) International
ASIS provides security professionals with educational programs and services that address security concerns. The monthly magazine Security Management focuses strictly on security-related issues and innovations.

ANSER Institute for Homeland Security
Through workshops, conferences, tabletop exercises, publications, and outreach programs, the ANSER Institute for Homeland Security educates policymakers and the public on challenges to homeland security in the 21st century.

BombSecurity.com
This web site provides the security and law enforcement communities with information on explosives-related protection issues, including bomb countermeasures, bomb disposal, criminal use of explosives, and terrorism counteraction. Risk assessment resources include computer software, government publications, a public-private information exchange program, and terrorism news and information services.

Center for Civil Force Protection (CCFP)
CCFP provides state and local law enforcement agencies with counter-terrorism technology and physical security assistance. The center forms relationships with other organizations and compiles their counter-terrorism materials into a single resource pool to draw from, serving as a one-stop shop for assistance. Call 1-888-577-4849 to tap CCFP expertise.

Center for State Homeland Security
A nonprofit partnership with the National Emergency Management Association, the Adjutants General Association of the United States, and Mitretek Systems, the center assists states and local governments in implementing their homeland security missions by supporting strategic planning and facilitating widespread access to the best available information, facilities, and tools.

Counterterrorism Office, U.S. Department of State
A primary responsibility of the U.S. Department of State's Counterterrorism Office is to develop, coordinate, and implement American counter-terrorism policy. The web site presents background and current information on the multifront, global war against terrorism, including the May 2002 Patterns of Global Terrorism report.

Defend America
This web site provides users with topical articles about the war on terrorism in a news-style format. The site includes information pertaining to military personnel serving overseas; it also links to U.S. agencies and departments involved in counter-terrorism activities.

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
As the government's principal source for military-related foreign intelligence, DIA provides information for policymakers and decisionmakers in support of U.S. military planning, operations, and weapon systems acquisition. Agency goals include improving threat assessment and counter-terrorism preparation, enhancing intelligence integration and interoperability, and building a skilled response community.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) War on Terrorism Web Pages
The FBI War on Terrorism web pages facilitate access to terrorism-related subject matter on the FBI web site. Law enforcement decisionmakers may find helpful the links to news releases, publications and other information resources, congressional testimony, and the FBI's "most wanted terrorists" list.

Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)
The USA PATRIOT Act recognized that tracking funding used for illegal activities is a viable investigative method that often leads to the location of terrorist activity, aversion of terrorist incidents, and prosecution of criminals. Under the provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act, financial institutions may share information to identify terrorist or money laundering activity upon notifying the U.S. Treasury Department. This web site supplies all information and tools needed by reporting institutions and is a ready reference for law enforcement personnel who want to understand the provisions of this law.

Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program
The Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) works to enhance and assess terrorism prevention, response, and recovery capabilities at the federal, state, and local levels. HSEEP, a threat- and performance-based exercise program, provides doctrine and policy for planning, conducting, and evaluating exercises.

Homeland Security Information Center
The Homeland Security Information Center provides one-stop access to the collections of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Technical Information Service related to homeland security, specifically health and medicine, food and agriculture, biological and chemical warfare, preparedness and response, and safety training packages. Listed resources include publications, audiovisual materials, computer datafiles, and software.

Homeland Security Operations Centers (HSOC)
HSOC serves as the primary, national-level clearinghouse for real-time threat assessment, domestic incident management, and security-related information sharing. It also coordinates incident and response activities and issues advisories, bulletins, and protective and counter-measure guidance to homeland security partners.

National Academic Consortium for Homeland Security
The consortium focuses on improving the security of the United States and its worldwide assets through collaboration and information sharing among academic institutions, researchers, and scholars. Its web site offers opportunities for member institutions to share information about themselves and research projects, technology development and deployment activities, education and training programs or courses, and service activities pertaining to international and homeland security.

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
This commission is charged with preparing a full and complete account, including recommendations, of the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The commission's web site contains archives of its work thus far, including hearings, reports, and findings.

The National Conference on Homeland Security
The National Conference on Homeland Security, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization, provides a forum for enhanced education, training, risk assessment, and preparation activities associated with a terrorist attack or incident. It publishes materials, coordinates conferences, and offers resources to the first responder community. This web site offers information on homeland defense, including publications, news updates, conference information, and—for members—updates on terrorist activities and a virtual online community.

National Organization on Disability's Emergency Preparedness Initiative
The National Organization on Disability's Emergency Preparedness Initiative encourages the emergency management field to account for the varied needs of people with disabilities in planning and response activities and to actively involve members of this community in their efforts. The initiative also seeks to educate people with disabilities about what they can do to prepare for their own safety and survival during times of emergency and to encourage them to become partners with emergency management personnel.

Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP) Information Clearinghouse
The ODP Information Clearinghouse is a searchable virtual library of publications and other resources on domestic preparedness, counter-terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction. The clearinghouse also offers an electronic newsletter that provides e-updates on domestic preparedness news such as conference or training events, new ODP programs, and new publications.

Security of the Mail
U.S. Postal Service
This portion of the U.S. Postal Service web site provides access to current documents and news reports concerning the safety of the U.S. mail, mail facilities, and mail processing and delivery systems.

U.S. Commission on National Security
The U.S. Commission on National Security is chartered to provide the most comprehensive government-sponsored review of U.S. national security in more than 50 years. The commission focuses on nontraditional components of national security, including technological advances, the education of America's youth, and commercial relationships.

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Equipment & Communications

Biometrics Catalog
With biometric technology, facilities can use a person's physical characteristics or personal traits to identify, or verify the claimed identity of, an individual. This federally funded database provides access to information on biometric products (commercial, university/research, and governmental), tests and deployments (government and nongovernment), and consultants/analysts in the field.

Communications for Coordinated Assistance and Response to Emergencies (ComCARE) Alliance
The ComCARE Alliance promotes a coordinated and integrated approach to upgrading all emergency communications. ComCARE's E-Safety Program uses modern communications and information management technology to provide emergency responders with integrated, interoperable, and interconnected communication systems. ComCARE is also preparing an Emergency Provider Access Directory of telephone numbers, Internet and street addresses, and other relevant contact information for emergency federal, state, and local agencies in the United States.

Critical Incident Technology (CIT) Program, National Institute of Justice
The CIT Program provides public safety agencies with better tools to deal with major threats to lives and property, such as terrorist attacks and other disasters. The program concentrates on developing and demonstrating technologies and tools in five areas: infrastructure security, personnel location, explosive detection and remediation, information and training technology, and chemical and biological defense.

Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative
The Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative focuses on efficient data sharing among justice entities. The initiative is composed of several groups that represent more than 30 independent law enforcement, judicial, correctional, and related bodies.

National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan
The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan is a formal intelligence sharing initiative that addresses the security and intelligence needs recognized after the events of September 11, 2001. It describes a nationwide communications capability that will link together all levels of law enforcement personnel, including officers on the streets, intelligence analysts, unit commanders, and police executives, so they may share critical data.

Responder Knowledge Base
Sponsored by the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, the Responder Knowledge Base provides emergency responders, purchasers, and planners with information on products, standards, certifications, grants, and other equipment-related information.

Partnership for Public Warning
PPW provides a consensus-based forum for public and private stakeholders to develop processes, standards, systems, and strategies to ensure that the right people have the right information at the right time. Therefore, it pledges to be the global meeting place for improving and implementing all hazard warning systems. Its goal is to save the lives and property of people at risk from natural disasters, accidents, and terrorism by ensuring that they have access to timely and accurate alert and warning information.

SAFECOM
SAFECOM promotes effective public safety communications and fosters interoperability among federal, state, local, and tribal communications systems. This program is an initiative of the Public Safety Wireless Interoperability National Strategy, sponsored jointly by the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The PSWN web site offers resources on systems planning and policy issues. The searchable library makes available reports, event announcements, notes from the PSWN Program and Federal Law Enforcement Wireless Users Group meetings, and other data useful to emergency communications personnel.

Technical Support Working Group
The Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) is a national forum that identifies, prioritizes, and coordinates interagency and international research and development requirements for combating terrorism. The TSWG rapidly develops technologies and equipment to meet the high-priority needs of the counter-terrorism community, and it addresses joint international operational requirements through cooperative research and development with major allies.

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First Responders

Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Response Association (DERA)
DERA connects disaster researchers, response and recovery specialists, and technical experts in a network of professionals working on effective planning and response strategies. DERA resources include research projects, community preparedness workshops, tools to improve communications and logistics, a quarterly newsletter, and research projects.

Disasters and Emergencies at FirstGov.gov
This section of FirstGov.gov houses information on disasters and emergencies for state and local employees. It includes subtopics on agencies and organizations; best practices in preparedness and training; grants and other assistance; managing during a crisis; relief and recovery; terrorism; and types of disasters.

Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC)
EMAC is an interstate mutual aid agreement that allows states to assist one another in responding to all kinds of natural and manmade disasters. When local and federal resources are inadequate or unavailable, states can send personnel and equipment to help disaster relief efforts in other states.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
FEMA staff work directly with state decisionmakers on emergency planning, response, and recovery. FEMA's Online Library includes numerous resources on preparedness and recovery. The Readiness, Response, and Recovery web pages provide emergency responders with information on publications and programs to help strengthen local strategic plans.

Lessons Learned & Information Sharing (LLIS)
Developed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the LLIS program was designed to facilitate efforts to prevent and respond to acts of terrorism across all disciplines and communities throughout the United States . The program also provides an online forum where emergency responders can discuss incident responses, share contact information, and provide feedback about acts of terrorism.

National Association of State EMS Directors
The National Association of State EMS Directors, which acts as the voice for national emergency management services (EMS) policy, is committed to the development of effective, integrated, community-based, universal, and consistent EMS systems. The association also provides technical support, certification information, and authoritative publications to its members and other interested persons.

Northeast States Emergency Consortium
The Northeast States Emergency Consortium is a not-for-profit natural hazard mitigation and emergency management organization that develops, promotes, and coordinates natural disaster and emergency management activities throughout the northeast.

State Homeland Security Assessment and Strategy (SHSAS) Program
Created by the Office for Domestic Preparedness, SHSAS allows states and local jurisdictions to update their needs assessment data to reflect post-September 11, 2001 realities, as well as identify progress on the priorities outlined in their initial homeland security strategies. The SHSAS system serves as a planning tool for state and local jurisdictions and will help ODP and its partners allocate federal resources for homeland security.

Weapons of Mass Destruction First Responders
This web site was created by first responders to help improve the response capabilities of emergency communications centers, EMS, fire, rescue, hazmat, law enforcement, bomb squads, SWAT, hospitals, public health, risk management, security, emergency management, public works, disaster management, American Red Cross, and other responder agencies/organizations. The site provides a forum for information sharing, networking, planning, and research.

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International Security

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
CSIS researchers focus on challenges to national and international security and stability and emerging global issues such as biotechnology, information warfare, and terrorism. CSIS works to develop national and international public policy as well as community strategies for law enforcement, first responders, and security agencies.

DCI Counterterrorist Center (CTC), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Under the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Office at the CIA, CTC analyzes the groups and states responsible for international terrorism and coordinates the intelligence community's counter-terrorism activities. Through the Interagency Intelligence Committee on Terrorism, CTC shares information with the intelligence, security, law enforcement, regulatory, and defense communities.

International Association for Counterterrorism and Security Professionals (IACSP)
During strategic planning, law enforcement professionals can benefit from the knowledge of their peers, and IACSP members provide a network ready for tapping. The association provides education and information for the public, promotes international cooperation in counter-terrorism policy, and publishes the Journal of Counterterrorism and Security International for law enforcement, government, and military professionals.

Response to Terrorism: Issues of International Security, U.S. Department of State
The U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs provides online information resources on U.S. policy and current issues, including terrorism and international security. This web site presents up-to-date information on government decisions and international developments.

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Medical & Public Health Issues

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Bioterrorism Planning and Response
To improve the Nation’s capacity to respond to bioterrorism, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has been studying and improving links between the clinical care delivery system and the public health infrastructure. This work is a critical component of the larger initiative of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to develop public health programs to combat bioterrorism.

Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
As an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ATSDR serves to protect the public from harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances by using the best sciences, taking responsive public health actions, and providing trusted health information.

Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP)
AVIP will vaccinate military personnel and emergency-essential U.S. Department of Defense employees and contractors. The web site provides information and education tools for teaching about anthrax, the anthrax vaccine, and AVIP; a bibliography of relevant medical journal articles; and links to related information and resources.

Atopic Dermatitis and Vaccinia Network (ADVN)
ADVN is a nationwide research group that seeks to reduce the risk of contracting eczema vaccinatum, a severe and potentially deadly complication of smallpox immunization. Launched by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, ADVN comprises three integrated components: a clinical studies consortium, an animal studies consortium, and a statistical and data coordinating center.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers a comprehensive list of resources related to biological, chemical, and radiological terrorism.

Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
Organized in the early 1950s, CSTE responds to the need for the surveillance and study of infectious diseases, chronic diseases and conditions, and environmental health concerns. It supports the use of effective public health surveillance and good epidemiological practice through training, capacity development, and peer consultation to develop standards for practice and advocate for resources and scientifically based policy.

Food Safety.Gov
This web site serves as a gateway to government food safety information. Among the links are news and safety alerts, consumer information, information on food-borne pathogens, and a mechanism for reporting illnesses and product complaints.

Laboratory Response Network
Partnered with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Association of Public Health Laboratories, the Laboratory Response Network maintains an integrated network of state and local public health, federal, military, international, and environmental testing laboratories that can respond both to biological and chemical terrorist incidents and other public health emergencies.

National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), U.S. Department of Homeland Security
As the lead federal agency for health and medical services within the National Response Plan, NDMS manages and coordinates federal health, medical, and health-related social services and recovery to major emergencies and federally declared disasters. NDMS consists of three components: medical response to disaster areas, patient movement from disaster areas, and medical care at participating hospitals.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Biodefense Research
This site features biodefense-related information for biomedical researchers, the public, and the media.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration Counterterrorism
The FDA's Office of Crisis Management is responsible for preparing the agency for a range of possible terrorist events. This office maintains round-the-clock coverage for the agency and coordinates emergency response activities in the five FDA centers and the Office of Regulatory Affairs.

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Threat Assessment

Association of Threat Assessment Professionals (ATAP)
This nonprofit organization provides members with a forum for the exchange of experience and assessment/intervention techniques. ATAP reviews case studies to provide perpetrator profiles, identify warning signs, and recommend preventative measures for law enforcement personnel, mental health professionals, and security experts involved in threat analysis.

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA), Harvard University
By studying national security, international security, technology development, and conflict resolution, BCSIA analyzes the threat of terrorism and its causes and makes recommendations to prevent and fight it. BCSIA sponsors frequent seminars, workshops, and conferences; maintains a substantial specialized library; and publishes books, monographs, and discussion papers.

National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC), U.S. Secret Service
NTAC provides law enforcement and related professionals with timely and effective assistance necessary to develop threat assessment programs and investigate and prevent targeted violence.

Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive (NCIX)
NCIX is responsible for producing a national threat identification and prioritization assessment, formulating a national counterintelligence strategy, developing policies for counterintelligence training, and exploring counterintelligence technology needs and solutions.

Terrorism, 2000/2001 (PDF)
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2004
This report provides an overview of terrorist incidents (those which occurred and those which were prevented) in the United Sates and its territories. In addition, the report discusses FBI investigations overseas and provides a more comprehensive picture of the totality of the FBI's response to international terrorism.

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Transportation Security

Airport Law Enforcement Agencies Network (ALEAN)
ALEAN is a nonprofit organization composed of both domestic and foreign airport law enforcement agencies and port authorities and their associated national law enforcement, regulatory, or intelligence agencies. ALEAN's mandate is to facilitate the rapid exchange of information concerning airport-related crimes between member agencies, to achieve a better understanding of the unique problems germane to airport policing, to offer its insight and experience to governmental agencies and elected representatives, and to provide a safer, more secure environment for the traveling public.

Aviation Crime Prevention Institute, Inc.
The Aviation Crime Prevention Institute, Inc., is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the elimination of aviation-related crime through education of the aviation industry worldwide, cooperation between the aviation industry and law enforcement agencies, and communication of information and security procedures to all.

Smart and Secure Tradelanes Initiative
The Smart and Secure Tradelanes Initiative (SST) is based on open standards and the existing U.S. Department of Defense Joint Total Asset Visibility solution. SST is designed to create a baseline capability in container security and tracking. The program motivates supply chain partners to more actively secure their supply chains and to participate in U.S. initiatives such as Operation Safe Commerce and the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism.

Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
TSA protects the Nation's transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce. TSA issues and administers Transportation Security Regulations, which establish security rules for all modes of transportation (including civil aviation).

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Weapons of Mass Destruction

Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute (CBACI)
A primary focus of the institute is development of an integrated strategic response to the emerging challenge of biological and chemical weapons. CBACI offers programs, training, and outreach (including publications) to help decisionmakers assess threats and craft effective response plans. Related CBACI projects include Developing a Strategic Concept for Communications Information and Dissemination as Part of a CBRN Terrorism Response Architecture and CBRN Terrorism Campaigns: Response Requirements and Capabilities.

Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC)
CBIAC serves as a center for the acquisition, compilation, analysis, and dissemination of information relevant to chemical warfare and chemical and biological defense technology. CBIAC products and services include reports, briefings, technology assessments, software development, information system design, studies and analyses, conferences, working groups, and training courses.

Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office (CEPPO), Environmental Protection Agency
CEPPO provides leadership, advocacy, and assistance to prevent and prepare for chemical emergencies, respond to environmental crises, and inform the public about chemical hazards. The web site includes information on chemical-accident prevention and risk management programs, relevant laws and regulations, federal contingency plans for emergency response, and technical guidance documents. CEPPO also offers weekly e-mail updates on chemical safety through a listserv.

Counterproliferation Program and Chemical & Biological Defense Program (CP/CBD)
The CP/CBD Program works to ensure that the United States has the military capacity to operate effectively and decisively in the face of nuclear, biological, or chemical warfare threats at home or abroad.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory
The FBI Laboratory provides investigative, technical, and field response support and training to federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. Lab units include explosives, hazardous materials response, and materials analysis. The laboratory's Forensic Science Research and Training Center is the primary means for transferring new concepts, techniques, and procedures to the forensic science and law enforcement communities.

The Gilmore Commission
The Gilmore Commission, also known as the Advisory Panel To Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction, assesses domestic capabilities for responding to terrorism involving weapons of mass destruction. Commission reports can help law enforcement decisionmakers evaluate preparedness, assess training needs, and determine appropriate response roles.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
LLNL is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory that applies cutting-edge science and engineering to maintain confidence in the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile in the absence of nuclear testing. LLNL research and programs focus on national security, energy, biomedicine, and environmental science.

Nuclear Radiological Threat Reduction Task Force
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), November 3, 2003
NNSA has established the Nuclear Radiological Threat Reduction Task Force to boost U.S. efforts against the threat posed by radiological dispersion devices. Among other missions, the task force will identify, secure, and store temporarily high-risk radiological materials that could be used as dirty bombs; establish an inventory of vulnerable nuclear reactors worldwide; and develop a plan of action to mitigate their vulnerabilities.

Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI)
NTI works to strengthen global security by reducing the risk and preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction. NTI promotes public awareness and dialog, develops model programs and initiatives, and disseminates educational and training resources to meet its goal and reduce global threats.

Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control
The Wisconsin Project, a nonprofit research organization operating under the auspices of the University of Wisconsin, has been investigating transfers of nuclear- and missile-related technology since 1986. To help exporters and governments secure dangerous products, the project maintains a database that lists suspected buyers in sensitive emerging markets. Many articles from this database are provided on the web site.

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