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Subject: E12) For the U.S., what are the 30
most intense, 30 costliest, and 30 highest death toll hurricanes
on record?
30 Most Intense USA (continental) hurricanes from 1900-present
(at time of landfall with landfall area)
Updated from Hebert et al. (1997)
RANKING |
HURRICANE (landfall) |
YEAR |
CATEGORY |
PRESSURE |
(millibars) |
(inches of Hg) |
1 |
"Labor Day" (FL Keys) |
1935 |
5 |
892 |
26.35 |
2 |
Camille (MS,SE LA,VA) |
1969 |
5 |
909 |
26.84 |
3 |
Andrew (SE FL,SE LA) |
1992 |
5 |
922 |
27.23 |
4 |
(FL Keys,South TX) |
1919 |
4 |
927 |
27.37 |
5 |
"Lake Okeechobee" (S FL) |
1928 |
4 |
929 |
27.43 |
6 |
Donna (FL,Eastern U.S.) |
1960 |
4 |
930 |
27.46 |
7 |
(New Orleans, LA) |
1915 |
4 |
931 |
27.49 |
7 |
Carla (North & Central TX) |
1961 |
4 |
931 |
27.49 |
9 |
Hugo (SC) |
1989 |
4 |
934 |
27.58 |
10 |
"Great Miami" (FL,MS,AL,NW FL) |
1926 |
4 |
935 |
27.61 |
11 |
"Galveston" (North TX) |
1900 |
4 |
936 |
27.49 |
12 |
Hazel (SC,NC) |
1954 |
4 * |
938 |
27.70 |
13 |
(SE FL,SE LA,MS) |
1947 |
4 |
940 |
27.76 |
14 |
(North TX) |
1932 |
4 |
941 |
27.79 |
15 |
Gloria (Long Island, NY) |
1985 |
3 *& |
942 |
27.82 |
16 |
Opal (NW FL,AL) |
1995 |
3 & |
942 |
27.82 |
17 |
Audrey (SW LA,N TX) |
1957 |
4 # |
945 |
27.91 |
18 |
(Galveston, TX) |
1915 |
4 # |
945 |
27.91 |
18 |
Celia (South TX) |
1970 |
3 |
945 |
27.91 |
18 |
Allen (South TX) |
1980 |
3 |
945 |
27.91 |
21 |
"New England" (NY,RI) |
1938 |
3 * |
946 |
27.94 |
21 |
Frederic (AL,MS) |
1979 |
3 |
946 |
27.94 |
23 |
"Great Atlantic" (Long Island, NY) |
1944 |
3 * |
947 |
27.97 |
24 |
Betsy (SE FL,SE LA) |
1965 |
3 |
948 |
27.99 |
25 |
(SE FL,NW FL) |
1929 |
3 |
948 |
27.99 |
25 |
(SE FL) |
1933 |
3 |
948 |
27.99 |
25 |
(South TX) |
1916 |
3 |
948 |
27.99 |
25 |
(MS,AL) |
1916 |
3 |
948 |
27.99 |
29 |
Diane (NC) |
1955 |
3 |
949 |
28.02 |
29 |
(S TX) |
1933 |
3 |
949 |
28.02 |
ADDENDUM (Pre-1900)
|
RANKING |
HURRICANE (landfall) |
YEAR |
CATEGORY |
PRESSURE |
(millibars) |
(inches of Hg) |
1 |
"Indianola" (central TX) |
1886 |
4 |
925 |
27.31 |
2 |
"Last Island" (LA) |
1856 |
4 |
934 |
27.58 |
3 |
"Brunswick" (GA,ne FL) |
1898 |
4 |
938 |
27.70 |
4 |
"Chenier Caminanda" (LA) |
1893 |
4 |
948 |
28.00 |
Notes
Top 30 Damaging Hurricanes - From 1900-present
(Normalized to 2003 dollars by inflation, personal property increases,
and coastal county population changes [1900-2003])
Updated from Pielke and Landsea (1998)
RANK |
HURRICANE (landfall) |
YEAR |
CATEGORY |
DAMAGE (U.S)) |
1 | "Great Miami"
(SE Florida,Alabama) | 1926 | 4 | $98,051,000,000
| 2 | ANDREW (SE FL,LA) | 1992 | 5 | 44,878,000,000
| 3 | "Galveston" (N Texas)
| 1900 | 4 | 36,096,000,000
| 4 | (North Texas) | 1915 | 4 | 30,585,000,000
| 5 | (SW Florida) | 1944 | 3 | 22,070,000,000
| 6 | "New England" (NY,RI) | 1938 | 3 | 22,549,000,000
| 7 | "Lake Okeechobee" (SE Florida) | 1928 | 4 | 18,708,000,000
| 8 | BETSY (SE FL,LA) | 1965 | 3 | 16,863,000,000
| 9 | DONNA (FL,Eastern U.S.) | 1960 | 4 | 16,339,000,000
| 10 | CAMILLE (MS,LA,VA) | 1969 | 5 | 14,870,000,000
| 11 | AGNES (NW FL, NE U.S.) | 1972 | 1 | 14,515,000,000
| 12 | DIANE (NE U.S.) | 1955 | 1 | 13,875,000,000
| 13 | HUGO (SC) | 1989 | 4 | 12,718,000,000
| 14 | CAROL (NE U.S.) | 1954 | 3 | 12,291,000,000
| 15 | (SE FL,LA,AL) | 1947 | 4 | 11,266,000,000
| 16 | CARLA (N & Central TX) | 1961 | 4 | 9,587,000,000
| 17 | HAZEL (SC,NC) | 1954 | 4 | 9,545,000,000
| 18 | "Great Atlantic" NE U.S | 1944 | 3 | 8,763,000,000
| 19 | (SE Florida) | 1945 | 3 | 8,561,000,000
| 20 | FREDERIC (AL,MS) | 1979 | 3 | 8,534,000,000
| 21 | (SE Florida) | 1949 | 3 | 7,918,000,000
| 22 | (S Texas) | 1919 | 4 | 7,253,000,000
| 23 | ALICIA (N TX) | 1983 | 3 | 5,501,000,000
|
24 | ALLISON (N TX) | 2001 | TS | 5,408,000,000 |
25 | FLOYD (NC) | 1999 | 2 | 5,264,000,000
| 26 | CELIA (S TX) | 1970 | 3 | 4,526,000,000
| 27 | DORA (NE FL) | 1964 | 2 | 4,215,000,000
| 28 | FRAN (NC) | 1996 | 3 | 4,201,000,000
| 29 | OPAL (NW FL,AL) | 1995 | 3 | 4,068,000,000
| 30 | ISABEL (NC) | 2003 | 2 | 3,370,000,000 |
Notes :
- Andrew is no longer the most destructive hurricane on record.
- 24 of the top 30 destructive hurricanes were major hurricanes
od Saffir-Simpson scale 3 or higher. Most of the very
destructive Category 1 and 2 hurricanes caused their damage through
rainfall-induced flooding, often well away from the coast.
- Though the major hurricanes make up only 21% of the US
landfalling tropical storms and hurricanes, they cause an estimated
83% of the total normalized damage.
- If one used only inflation to normalize hurricane damages, that
would not take into account the massive coastal population increases
and structural buildup that have occurred along the US East and
especially the Gulf coasts during the past few decades. Major
hurricanes will continue to inflict massive destruction along the USA
coastlines, even with perfect forecasts of their track and intensity.
30 Deadliest USA (continental) hurricanes from 1900-1998
Updated from Hebert et al. (1997)
RANKING
| HURRICANE (location)
| YEAR
| CATEGORY
| DEATHS
| 1 | "Galveston" (TX) | 1900 | 4 | 8000+
| 2 | "Lake Okeechobee" (S FL) | 1928 | 4 | 2500+
| 3 | Unnamed (Fl Keys,S TX) | 1919 | 4 | 600&
| 4 | "New England" (NY,RI) | 1938 | 3 | 600
| 5 | "Labor Day" (FL Keys) | 1935 | 5 | 408
| 6 | Audrey (SW LA,N TX) | 1957 | 4 | 390
| 7 | "Great Atlantic" (NE U.S.) | 1944 | 3 | 390#
| 8 | "Grand Isle" (LA) | 1909 | 4 | 350
| 9 | Unnamed (New Orleans, LA) | 1915 | 4 | 275
| 10 | Unnamed (Galveston, TX) | 1915 | 4 | 275
| 11 | Camille (MS,LA) | 1969 | 5 | 256
| 12 | "Great Miami" (FL,MS/AL) | 1926 | 4 | 243
| 13 | Diane (NE U.S.) | 1955 | 1 | 184
| 14 | Unnamed (SE FL) | 1906 | 2 | 164
| 15 | Unnamed (MS,AL,FL) | 1906 | 3 | 134
| 16 | Agnes (NE U.S.) | 1972 | 1 | 122
| 17 | Hazel (SC,NC) | 1954 | 4 | 95
| 18 | Betsy (SE FL,SE LA) | 1965 | 3 | 75
| 19 | Carol (NE U.S.) | 1954 | 3 | 60
| 20 | Floyd (Eastern U.S.) | 1999 | 2 | 57
| 21 | Unnamed (SE FL,LA,MS) | 1947 | 4 | 51
| 22 | Donna (FL,Eastern U.S.) | 1960 | 4 | 50
| 22 | Unnamed (GA,SC,NC) | 1940 | 2 | 50
| 24 | Carla (TX) | 1961 | 4 | 46
| 25 | Allison (TX) | 2001 | ? | 41
| 25 | Unnamed (TX) | 1909 | 3 | 41
| 27 | Unnamed (TX) | 1932 | 4 | 40
| 28 | Unnamed (S TX) | 1933 | 3 | 40
| 29 | Hilda (LA) | 1964 | 3 | 38
| 30 | Unnamed (SW LA) | 1918 | 3 | 34
|
ADDENDUM (Pre-1900 or not Atlantic/Gulf Coast)
| 2 | "Chenier Caminanda" (LA) | 1893 | 4 | 2000
| 2 | "Sea Islands" (SC,GA) | 1893 | 3 | 1000-2000
| 3 | Unnamed (GA,SC) | 1881 | 2 | 700
| 9 | San Felipe (Puerto Rico | 1928 | 4 | 312
| 13 | (USVI,PR) | 1932 | 2 | 225
| 17 | Donna (St. Thomas, USVI | 1960 | 4 | 107
| 24 | (S California) | 1939 | TS& | 45
|
24 | Eloise (Puerto Rico) | 1975 | TS& | 44 |
|
Notes
+ May actually have been as high as 10,000 to 12,000.
& Over 500 lost on ships at sea; 600-900 estimate deaths.
# Some 344 of these lost on ships at sea.
One can take some comfort in the fact that even with the massive
damage amounts that hurricanes can cause, none of those hurricanes in
recent years have caused huge numbers of deaths in the USA. This is
because of the increasingly skillful forecasts of hurricane tracks,
the ability to communicate warnings to the public via radio and
television, and the infrastructure that allows for evacuations to
proceed safely for those in the hurricane's path (Sheets 1990).
However, if people chose to ignore warnings or if evacuations are not
able to remove people from danger (because of too many people
overcrowding limited escape routes - the Florida Keys and US 1 is a
good example), then the potential remains for disasters similar to -
or worse than - what was seen decades ago.
Last updated August 13, 2004
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