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Subject: E12) For the U.S., what are the 30 most intense, 30 costliest, and 30 highest death toll hurricanes on record?

30 Most Intense USA (continental) hurricanes from 1900-present

(at time of landfall with landfall area)
Updated from Hebert et al. (1997)
RANKING HURRICANE
(landfall)
YEAR CATEGORY PRESSURE
(millibars) (inches of Hg)
1 "Labor Day"
(FL Keys)
1935 5 892 26.35
2 Camille
(MS,SE LA,VA)
1969 5 909 26.84
3 Andrew
(SE FL,SE LA)
1992 5 922 27.23
4 (FL Keys,South TX) 1919 4 927 27.37
5 "Lake Okeechobee"
(S FL)
1928 4 929 27.43
6 Donna
(FL,Eastern U.S.)
1960 4 930 27.46
7 (New Orleans, LA) 1915 4 931 27.49
7 Carla
(North & Central TX)
1961 4 931 27.49
9 Hugo
(SC)
1989 4 934 27.58
10 "Great Miami"
(FL,MS,AL,NW FL)
1926 4 935 27.61
11 "Galveston"
(North TX)
1900 4 936 27.49
12 Hazel
(SC,NC)
1954 4 * 938 27.70
13 (SE FL,SE LA,MS) 1947 4 940 27.76
14 (North TX) 1932 4 941 27.79
15 Gloria
(Long Island, NY)
1985 3 *& 942 27.82
16 Opal
(NW FL,AL)
1995 3 & 942 27.82
17 Audrey
(SW LA,N TX)
1957 4 # 945 27.91
18 (Galveston, TX) 1915 4 # 945 27.91
18 Celia
(South TX)
1970 3 945 27.91
18 Allen
(South TX)
1980 3 945 27.91
21 "New England"
(NY,RI)
1938 3 * 946 27.94
21 Frederic
(AL,MS)
1979 3 946 27.94
23 "Great Atlantic"
(Long Island, NY)
1944 3 * 947 27.97
24 Betsy
(SE FL,SE LA)
1965 3 948 27.99
25 (SE FL,NW FL) 1929 3 948 27.99
25 (SE FL) 1933 3 948 27.99
25 (South TX) 1916 3 948 27.99
25 (MS,AL) 1916 3 948 27.99
29 Diane (NC) 1955 3 949 28.02
29 (S TX) 1933 3 949 28.02
ADDENDUM (Pre-1900)
RANKING HURRICANE
(landfall)
YEAR CATEGORY PRESSURE
(millibars) (inches of Hg)
1 "Indianola" (central TX) 1886 4 925 27.31
2 "Last Island" (LA) 1856 4 934 27.58
3 "Brunswick" (GA,ne FL) 1898 4 938 27.70
4 "Chenier Caminanda" (LA) 1893 4 948 28.00
Notes
  • Intensity is for time of landfall. The cyclones may have been stronger at other times.
  • Hurricane Gilbert's estimated 888 mb lowest pressure in mid- September 1988 is the most intense [as measured by lowest sea level pressure] for the Atlantic basin, but it affected the USA only as a weakening tropical depression (Neumann et al 1993).

    * Moving more than 30 miles per hour
    & Highest category justified by winds
    # Classified category 4 because of estimated winds

Top 30 Damaging Hurricanes - From 1900-present

(Normalized to 2003 dollars by inflation, personal property increases, and coastal county population changes [1900-2003])
Updated from Pielke and Landsea (1998)
RANK HURRICANE
(landfall)
YEAR CATEGORY DAMAGE (U.S))
1"Great Miami"
(SE Florida,Alabama)
1926 4 $98,051,000,000
2ANDREW
(SE FL,LA)
1992 5 44,878,000,000
3"Galveston"
(N Texas)
1900 4 36,096,000,000
4(North Texas) 1915 4 30,585,000,000
5(SW Florida) 1944 3 22,070,000,000
6"New England"
(NY,RI)
1938 3 22,549,000,000
7"Lake Okeechobee"
(SE Florida)
1928 4 18,708,000,000
8BETSY
(SE FL,LA)
1965 3 16,863,000,000
9DONNA
(FL,Eastern U.S.)
1960 4 16,339,000,000
10CAMILLE
(MS,LA,VA)
1969 5 14,870,000,000
11AGNES
(NW FL, NE U.S.)
1972 1 14,515,000,000
12DIANE
(NE U.S.)
1955 1 13,875,000,000
13HUGO
(SC)
1989 4 12,718,000,000
14CAROL
(NE U.S.)
1954 3 12,291,000,000
15(SE FL,LA,AL)1947 4 11,266,000,000
16CARLA
(N & Central TX)
1961 4 9,587,000,000
17HAZEL
(SC,NC)
1954 4 9,545,000,000
18"Great Atlantic"
NE U.S
1944 3 8,763,000,000
19(SE Florida) 1945 3 8,561,000,000
20FREDERIC
(AL,MS)
1979 3 8,534,000,000
21(SE Florida) 1949 3 7,918,000,000
22(S Texas) 1919 4 7,253,000,000
23ALICIA
(N TX)
1983 3 5,501,000,000
24ALLISON
(N TX)
2001 TS 5,408,000,000
25FLOYD
(NC)
1999 2 5,264,000,000
26CELIA
(S TX)
1970 3 4,526,000,000
27DORA
(NE FL)
1964 2 4,215,000,000
28FRAN
(NC)
1996 3 4,201,000,000
29OPAL
(NW FL,AL)
1995 3 4,068,000,000
30ISABEL
(NC)
2003 2 3,370,000,000

Notes :

  • Andrew is no longer the most destructive hurricane on record.
  • 24 of the top 30 destructive hurricanes were major hurricanes od Saffir-Simpson scale 3 or higher. Most of the very destructive Category 1 and 2 hurricanes caused their damage through rainfall-induced flooding, often well away from the coast.
  • Though the major hurricanes make up only 21% of the US landfalling tropical storms and hurricanes, they cause an estimated 83% of the total normalized damage.
  • If one used only inflation to normalize hurricane damages, that would not take into account the massive coastal population increases and structural buildup that have occurred along the US East and especially the Gulf coasts during the past few decades. Major hurricanes will continue to inflict massive destruction along the USA coastlines, even with perfect forecasts of their track and intensity.

30 Deadliest USA (continental) hurricanes from 1900-1998

Updated from Hebert et al. (1997)
RANKING HURRICANE
(location)
YEAR CATEGORY DEATHS
1"Galveston"
(TX)
1900 4 8000+
2"Lake Okeechobee"
(S FL)
19284 2500+
3 Unnamed
(Fl Keys,S TX)
19194600&
4"New England"
(NY,RI)
19383600
5"Labor Day"
(FL Keys)
19355408
6Audrey
(SW LA,N TX)
19574390
7"Great Atlantic"
(NE U.S.)
19443390#
8"Grand Isle"
(LA)
19094350
9 Unnamed
(New Orleans, LA)
19154275
10Unnamed
(Galveston, TX)
19154275
11Camille
(MS,LA)
19695256
12"Great Miami"
(FL,MS/AL)
19264243
13Diane
(NE U.S.)
19551184
14Unnamed
(SE FL)
19062164
15Unnamed
(MS,AL,FL)
19063134
16Agnes
(NE U.S.)
19721122
17Hazel
(SC,NC)
1954495
18Betsy
(SE FL,SE LA)
1965375
19Carol
(NE U.S.)
1954 3 60
20Floyd
(Eastern U.S.)
1999 2 57
21Unnamed
(SE FL,LA,MS)
1947 4 51
22Donna
(FL,Eastern U.S.)
1960 4 50
22Unnamed
(GA,SC,NC)
1940 2 50
24Carla
(TX)
1961 4 46
25Allison
(TX)
2001 ? 41
25Unnamed
(TX)
1909 3 41
27Unnamed
(TX)
1932 4 40
28Unnamed
(S TX)
1933 3 40
29Hilda
(LA)
1964 3 38
30Unnamed
(SW LA)
1918 3 34
ADDENDUM (Pre-1900 or not Atlantic/Gulf Coast)
2"Chenier Caminanda"
(LA)
189342000
2"Sea Islands"
(SC,GA)
189331000-2000
3Unnamed
(GA,SC)
18812700
9San Felipe
(Puerto Rico
19284312
13(USVI,PR)19322225
17Donna
(St. Thomas, USVI
19604107
24(S California)1939TS& 45
24Eloise
(Puerto Rico)
1975TS& 44
Notes
+ May actually have been as high as 10,000 to 12,000.
& Over 500 lost on ships at sea; 600-900 estimate deaths.
# Some 344 of these lost on ships at sea.


One can take some comfort in the fact that even with the massive damage amounts that hurricanes can cause, none of those hurricanes in recent years have caused huge numbers of deaths in the USA. This is because of the increasingly skillful forecasts of hurricane tracks, the ability to communicate warnings to the public via radio and television, and the infrastructure that allows for evacuations to proceed safely for those in the hurricane's path (Sheets 1990).

However, if people chose to ignore warnings or if evacuations are not able to remove people from danger (because of too many people overcrowding limited escape routes - the Florida Keys and US 1 is a good example), then the potential remains for disasters similar to - or worse than - what was seen decades ago.

Last updated August 13, 2004

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