Fortune: Did Michigan’s Emergency Manager Law Cause the Flint Water Crisis?

In a new editorial for The Nation, Michigan Congressman John Conyers lays the blame for Flint’s ongoing water crisis squarely on the state’s Emergency Manager law, Public Act 436, which he describes as “a vehicle for corporate privatization,” conflicts of interest, and corruption.

Conyers, a Democrat and currently the longest-serving member of the House, writes that Republican Governor Rick Snyder “chose to ignore” multiple warning signs of the law’s shortcomings after he and the Republican-controlled state Senate expanded an existing Emergency Manager law in 2011.

States taking over local authority in a crisis is nothing new. The list of cities that have been taken over by emergency financial managers includes Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and, most famously, New York City during the 1970s.

But, as Conyers points out, Michigan is different. Most emergency city managers gain control only over spending, but after Snyder’s expansion of the law, those in Michigan gained nearly total control over a wide variety of city functions. In Flint, that included the fateful decision to switch the city’s water supply to the Flint River. But this wasn’t an isolated incident—in Pontiac, Michigan, an emergency manager made a similarly troubling choice to outsource water services.

With emergency managers only accountable to the governor, and not to voters, Conyers argues the law is fundamentally antidemocratic, citing findings that voter turnout has dropped dramatically in some cities under emergency management. In 2013, about half of Michigan’s African-American population lived in a city under emergency management, compared to about 2% of white residents. A coalition in Michigan brought suit that year to challenge the law, and a judge in 2014 upheld the argument that it could be and had been applied in a racially discriminatory manner.

But the same ruling rejected several other claims made in the suit, confirming that in general states have the power to delegate or take away local authority as they see fit. Despite Conyers’ concerns, it’s also unclear whether the emergency manager procedure would have changed the specific outcome in Flint—as then-Mayor Dayne Walling supported the water switch at the time and deflected inquiries later. And as CityLab has pointed out, it’s not so rare for local governments—those not under emergency control—to skirt compliance with federal guidelines.

This article was originally published February 18, 2016 on Fortune.com.