Electronic Technology in the House of Representatives
The Telephone Revolution on Capitol Hill
During the American Industrial Revolution, Alexander Graham Bell invented the first functional telephone in 1876, with the first telephone exchange being introduced a year later in Hartford, Connecticut. Shortly thereafter, major cities across the United States and Europe began to install the revolutionary telephone system. Service expanded to Washington, D.C., in 1879, and slowly transformed the information system throughout the Nation's Capital.
The first telephone was installed in the U.S. Capitol Building in 1880. Situated in the lobby of the House of Representatives, the telephone was placed under the supervision of the House Doorkeeper, Walter Brownlow. Within two years the telephone became so popular that Brownlow petitioned the House to permit him to hire an additional Page to work the telephone. By the early 1890s telephones became standard equipment, appearing in a variety of Capitol offices, including the Speaker's Office, the Office of the Clerk, and the Appropriations Committee. In the early 1890s, the first telephone was installed in the Press Gallery. The invention increased the speed and accuracy that a reporter could get the latest congressional story to press. By 1897 the expanding telephone system required a larger switchboard and a fulltime operator. The telephone continued to grow in use and popularity within Congress and across the country, diminishing, but not completely eliminating the use of the telegraph. Over time, the number of calls handled by Capitol Hill operators shrank, aided, in part, by the use of e-mail beginning in the 1990s. Nevertheless, the telephone remains a popular method for constituents to contact their Representative. More than 125 years since the installation of the first telephone in the Capitol, the Capitol switchboard office employs a staff of more than two dozen and handles in excess of 30,000 calls per week.
Representatives Florence Kahn and Edith Nourse Rogers (featured with a telephone) meet in the Ladies’ Cloakroom in 1927. Image courtesy of Library of Congress
An early Member office in the Cannon House Office BuildingImage courtesy of Library of Congress
Date |
Event |
1879 |
Washington's first telephone service was installed by the National Telephone Exchange in 1879. |
1880 |
A resolution was approved to install one telephone for the House of Representatives lobby, provided the expenses were covered by the National Telephone Exchange Company. The Doorkeeper was assigned to oversee the installation and use of the telephone. |
1882 |
The Doorkeeper of the House received authorization to hire one additional Page to take charge of the telephone in the House lobby. |
1883 |
The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company assumed control of the telephone lines in 1883. Telephone lines were installed between the Capitol and the Office of Public Grounds. Lines connected the Capitol to the Departments of War, Navy, State Department, and the White House. |
1889 |
The Speaker's room, the Clerk's Office, and the Appropriations Committee were among the first offices to have telephone's installed. |
1890 |
Carl A. Loeffler is the first known telephone operator for the Capitol. He held the position for one year. |
1896 |
Telephone lines were installed from the House Folding Room to a new annex at the junction of Massachusetts Avenue and North Capitol Street. |
1897 |
Telephone lines from the Capitol to the new Library of Congress Building are run as well as internal lines for the Library of Congress Building. |
1898 |
As an operator for Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company, Mrs. Harriet Daly became the first switchboard operator for the Capitol. She was the head switchboard operator at the Capitol for 47 years. |
1908 |
The Capitol switchboard was moved from the basement of the Capitol to the Senate annex (B Street, Maltby Building). There were four operators for the 11 am to 4:30 pm shift and two operators for the other hours. The operators serviced 350 telephones. Once the new Senate and House Office Buildings (Russell and Cannon) were completed, the office was moved to Cannon. |
1926 |
Mrs. Harriet Daly supervised 15 telephone operators. Roughly 30,000 calls a day came through the Capitol Switchboard. There were 114 trunk lines and 1,603 stations. The service ran 24 hours a day. The 15 female switchboard operators ran the telephones in various capacities from 8 am to 10 pm. From 10 pm to midnight, two men ran the telephones. From midnight to 8 am, one man ran the telephones. The office was located in the Cannon House Office Building on the 5th floor. |
1983 |
Capitol operators received more than 22,000 calls a day. The office operated with a staff of 28 operators and four supervisors. |
1993 |
President Bill Clinton and Senator Bob Dole urged the public to call their Representatives and Senators to complain about the budget. The Capitol received more than two million calls between August 4th and 5th. |
2005 |
The Capitol switchboard received over 30,000 calls per week and employs 34 individuals. The switchboard was manned 24 hours a day, seven days a week. |
