July 21, 2003
Ian Mather
Scotsman.com
WITH their laser-targeting assault
rifles, wrap-around sunglasses and black uniforms, the men guarding Afghan
president Mohammed Karzai look like US special forces.
But in fact they are American mercenaries, working
for private contractors. The special forces who used to guard Karzai flew home
last autumn after the Bush administration decided to contract out the job of
protecting the Afghan leader.
Their presence is just one manifestation of a
dramatic trend towards the privatization of war by the Pentagon.
The use of
private contractors is not new. What is unprecedented is that the Pentagon has
pushed privatization further than ever, even to the extent of using private
contractors for core military functions.
While the
US army has shrunk by a third since
the end of the Cold War, the private military industry has grown rapidly. It
now comprises 1,000 companies generating between $100bn and $200bn (£60bn and
£120bn) a year, according to Peter Singer, in a new book, Corporate Warriors:
The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry.
Singer said: "This is a huge and growing industry
that is increasingly active in a number of conflict zones. The state is usually
thought of as having a monopoly on the use of force. But it doesn’t anymore."
During the 1991 Gulf War, there was one private
contractor for every 50 soldiers. In
Iraq the war
involved one private contractor for every 10. The companies were involved in
military operations, such as maintaining the weapons on American Stealth
warplanes, reconnaissance aircraft and navy ships.
Richard Boucher, the State Department spokesman,
said the department awarded the contract to protect Karzai to a private firm
called DynCorp - which employs former Special Operations military personnel and
CIA officers - because its own security agents did not have the proper training
or weaponry to deal with combat conditions in Afghanistan.
But the decision has been criticized by two
Congressmen, Henry Hyde, a Republican, who is chairman of the House
International Relations Committee, and Tom Lantos, the most senior Democrat.
"Experience
with such contractors elsewhere leads us to believe that the presence of
commercial vendors acting in this capacity would send a different message to
the Afghan people and to President Karzai’s adversaries: that we are not
serious enough about our commitment to
Afghanistan
to dispatch US personnel," they wrote in a letter to the State Department and
the Pentagon.
In the
Iraq war,
private military contractors came to public attention when men in uniform were
seen to enter the US buffer zone and cut holes in the border fence to pave the
way for the assault on Iraq. Now, in the aftermath of the war they are there in
far greater numbers, performing many duties including guarding military
installations and blowing up mines, usually in a plethora of unrecognizable
uniforms.
At
Camp Arifjan,
the giant US army base south-west of Kuwait City, the armed figures guarding
the gates are civilian employees of Combat Support Associates that provides the
army with security, logistics, "live-fire training" and maintenance.
Meanwhile, when a plane carrying US missionaries
was shot down by a Peruvian military aircraft in Peru, it emerged the attack
was an accidental one, carried out after the missionaries’ plane was mistakenly
identified by a US surveillance aircraft flown by private contractors hired by
America for its war against drugs.
"We are hiring a private army," said Janice
Schakowsky, a Democratic congresswoman who has sponsored two failed bills
to try to curb the role of commercial contractors in military roles. "We are
engaging in a secret war, and the American people need to be told why."
Critics say
it is unclear whether civilian contractors who are captured can claim prisoner
of war status or whether they risk being shot as mercenaries. They also point
out that contractors are not subject to the military chain of command or to
military discipline. While soldiers can face charges for desertion, contractors
can simply leave.
During the
Iraq war, a US reserve air force
colonel in Kuwait was heard to complain that when essential communications
equipment maintained by the manufacturer went wrong in the middle of the night,
he could not get it fixed because the contractor was not there. "We’re fighting
a war and the contractor doesn’t come in until 9am," he said.
But it is argued that civilian contractors provide
better value for money, and that they allow the military to concentrate on
military duties.
"You don’t need a marine to drive a forklift,"
said Doug Brooks, head of the industry’s trade group, the International Peace
Operations Association.
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